{
 "built": "2026-09-18",
 "count": 241,
 "note": "Astronomical years: 1 CE is 1, 1 BCE is 0, 500 BCE is -499. A row with no end year is still carried. `method` says how the date is known — an excavated date and an ethnographer's date are not the same kind of fact.",
 "undated": [
  "bagua-mirror",
  "crystal-pendant",
  "hei-matau",
  "hei-tiki",
  "ladanka",
  "milagro",
  "navaratna-ring",
  "nimbu-mirchi",
  "ojo-de-venado",
  "palad-khik",
  "patua",
  "ping-an-fu",
  "rudraksha",
  "tama-votive",
  "tupilaq",
  "worry-stone",
  "yantra-plate",
  "footprint",
  "horn",
  "mirror-sign",
  "phallic-sign",
  "washing-off-ink"
 ],
 "rows": [
  {
   "id": "swastika-sign",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The swastika",
   "url": "motif/swastika-sign/",
   "from_year": -9999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Late Palaeolithic to the present",
   "label": "from at least 10,000 BCE; a living religious sign now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "south-asia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "jet",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Jet",
   "url": "material/jet/",
   "from_year": -9999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Upper Palaeolithic to the present",
   "label": "c. 10,000 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "jade",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Jade",
   "url": "material/jade/",
   "from_year": -5999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Neolithic China to the present",
   "label": "c. 6000 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "china",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "gold",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Gold",
   "url": "material/gold/",
   "from_year": -4999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Chalcolithic to the present",
   "label": "5th millennium BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "carnelian",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Carnelian",
   "url": "material/carnelian/",
   "from_year": -4499,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Chalcolithic to the present",
   "label": "c. 4500 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "spiral",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The spiral",
   "url": "motif/spiral/",
   "from_year": -4399,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Maltese Neolithic to the early Islamic period",
   "label": "c. 4400 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "bone-ivory",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Bone and ivory",
   "url": "material/bone-ivory/",
   "from_year": -4399,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Predynastic Egypt to the present",
   "label": "c. 4400 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "cowrie",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Cowrie",
   "url": "material/cowrie/",
   "from_year": -3999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Predynastic Egypt to the present",
   "label": "c. 4000 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "faience",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Faience",
   "url": "material/faience/",
   "from_year": -3999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Predynastic Egypt to the Roman period, and onward as Islamic stonepaste",
   "label": "c. 4000 BCE onward",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "iron",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Iron",
   "url": "material/iron/",
   "from_year": -3499,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Predynastic Egypt to the present",
   "label": "c. 3500 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "skin",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Skin",
   "url": "material/skin/",
   "from_year": -3350,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Predynastic Egypt to the present",
   "label": "c. 3351 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mainland-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "knot",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The knot",
   "url": "motif/knot/",
   "from_year": -3099,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "First Dynasty Egypt to the present",
   "label": "c. 3100 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "cowrie-strand",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Cowrie strand",
   "url": "amulet/cowrie-strand/",
   "from_year": -2999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Predynastic Egypt and the Neolithic Levant to the present",
   "label": "from predynastic Egypt to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "taweret-amulet",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Taweret amulet",
   "url": "amulet/taweret-amulet/",
   "from_year": -2999,
   "to_year": 390,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Predynastic to Roman Egypt",
   "label": "c. 3000 BCE – c. 390 CE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "egyptian-amulet-craft",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Egyptian amulet craft",
   "url": "tradition/egyptian-amulet-craft/",
   "from_year": -2999,
   "to_year": 641,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Predynastic to the Arab conquest",
   "label": "c. 3000 BCE – 641 CE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "eye",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The eye",
   "url": "motif/eye/",
   "from_year": -2999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Bronze Age to the present",
   "label": "c. 3000 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "key",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The key",
   "url": "motif/key/",
   "from_year": -2999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Predynastic Egypt to the present",
   "label": "the ankh from c. 3000 BCE; the key proper documented from the colonial Caribbean to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "caribbean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "serpent",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The serpent",
   "url": "motif/serpent/",
   "from_year": -2999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Predynastic Egypt to the present",
   "label": "before 3000 BCE to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "foundation-deposit",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Foundation deposit",
   "url": "practice/foundation-deposit/",
   "from_year": -2999,
   "to_year": 1964,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Early Dynastic Mesopotamia to the twentieth century",
   "label": "c. 3000 BCE – 1964 CE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "the-eye-everywhere",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The eye everywhere",
   "url": "story/the-eye-everywhere/",
   "from_year": -2999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Bronze Age to the present",
   "label": "c. 3000 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "ankh-amulet",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Ankh amulet",
   "url": "amulet/ankh-amulet/",
   "from_year": -2699,
   "to_year": -1,
   "living": false,
   "period": "late Old Kingdom to the late first millennium BCE, and again from the twentieth century",
   "label": "c. 2700 BCE to the late first millennium BCE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "wedjat-eye",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Wedjat eye",
   "url": "amulet/wedjat-eye/",
   "from_year": -2685,
   "to_year": 641,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Old Kingdom to Roman Egypt",
   "label": "c. 2686 BCE – 641 CE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "grave-deposit",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Grave deposit",
   "url": "practice/grave-deposit/",
   "from_year": -2685,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Old Kingdom Egypt onward",
   "label": "c. 2686 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "tattooing",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Tattooing",
   "url": "practice/tattooing/",
   "from_year": -2499,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia to the present; as yantra tattooing, from the ninth century",
   "label": "c. 2500 BCE to now; sak yant from c. 800 CE",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mainland-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "crescent",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The crescent",
   "url": "motif/crescent/",
   "from_year": -2299,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Akkadian to Roman, and still current as an emblem",
   "label": "c. 2300 BCE to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "the-charm-in-the-wall",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The charm in the wall",
   "url": "story/the-charm-in-the-wall/",
   "from_year": -2129,
   "to_year": 1991,
   "living": false,
   "period": "the third millennium BCE to the twentieth century",
   "label": "c. 2130 BCE, the Girsu foundation pegs, to 1991",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "bes-amulet",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Bes amulet",
   "url": "amulet/bes-amulet/",
   "from_year": -2054,
   "to_year": 999,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Middle Kingdom to Coptic Egypt",
   "label": "c. 2055 BCE to the tenth century CE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "scarab-sign",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The beetle",
   "url": "motif/scarab-sign/",
   "from_year": -2054,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Middle Kingdom to the Roman period and beyond",
   "label": "c. 2055 BCE to now, as a sign; as an Egyptian amulet, to the end of the pharaonic period",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "lion",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The lion",
   "url": "motif/lion/",
   "from_year": -2039,
   "to_year": 900,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Middle Kingdom Egypt to the early Islamic period",
   "label": "c. 2040 BCE to c. 900 CE",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "most-of-them-are-for-children",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Most of them are for children",
   "url": "story/most-of-them-are-for-children/",
   "from_year": -2039,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the second millennium BCE to the present",
   "label": "c. 2040 BCE, the Middle Kingdom birth tusks, to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "scarab",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Scarab",
   "url": "amulet/scarab/",
   "from_year": -1999,
   "to_year": -29,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Middle Kingdom to the late pharaonic period",
   "label": "c. 2000 BCE to the end of pharaonic Egypt",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "mesopotamian-apotropaic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Mesopotamian household protection",
   "url": "tradition/mesopotamian-apotropaic/",
   "from_year": -1999,
   "to_year": -62,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Old Babylonian to Seleucid",
   "label": "second and first millennia BCE, to the Seleucid period",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mesopotamia",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "terracotta",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Fired clay",
   "url": "material/terracotta/",
   "from_year": -1999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Middle Kingdom Egypt to the present",
   "label": "c. 2000 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mesopotamia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "heart-scarab",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Heart scarab",
   "url": "amulet/heart-scarab/",
   "from_year": -1689,
   "to_year": -663,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Second Intermediate Period to the Third Intermediate Period",
   "label": "c. 1690 BCE to the end of the Third Intermediate Period",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "evil-eye-bracelet",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Evil eye bracelet",
   "url": "amulet/evil-eye-bracelet/",
   "from_year": -1599,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the glass eye bead from the Bronze Age; the bracelet, recent",
   "label": "the bead from c. 1600 BCE; the bracelet, undated here",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "anatolia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "nazar",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Nazar",
   "url": "amulet/nazar/",
   "from_year": -1599,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Late Bronze Age to the present",
   "label": "glass eye beads from as early as the 16th century BCE; still made and worn",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "anatolia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "glass",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Glass",
   "url": "material/glass/",
   "from_year": -1599,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Late Bronze Age to the present",
   "label": "16th century BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "anatolia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "djed-pillar",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Djed pillar",
   "url": "amulet/djed-pillar/",
   "from_year": -1549,
   "to_year": -1068,
   "living": false,
   "period": "New Kingdom",
   "label": "the New Kingdom, c. 1550–1069 BCE — the sign itself is far older",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "tyet-knot",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Tyet",
   "url": "amulet/tyet-knot/",
   "from_year": -1549,
   "to_year": -29,
   "living": false,
   "period": "New Kingdom to the end of dynastic Egypt",
   "label": "c. 1550 BCE to the end of dynastic Egypt",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "tree",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The tree",
   "url": "motif/tree/",
   "from_year": -1549,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "New Kingdom Egypt to the present",
   "label": "c. 1550 BCE to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "knotting",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Knotting",
   "url": "practice/knotting/",
   "from_year": -1549,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Early Dynastic Egypt to the present",
   "label": "c. 1550 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "turquoise",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Turquoise",
   "url": "material/turquoise/",
   "from_year": -1499,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Bronze Age to the present",
   "label": "c. 1500 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "iran-persia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "cippus-of-horus",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Cippus of Horus",
   "url": "amulet/cippus-of-horus/",
   "from_year": -1068,
   "to_year": -29,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Third Intermediate Period to the end of Ptolemaic Egypt",
   "label": "c. 1069 BCE – 30 BCE",
   "method": "inscribed",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "lamashtu-plaque",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Lamashtu plaque",
   "url": "amulet/lamashtu-plaque/",
   "from_year": -999,
   "to_year": -300,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian",
   "label": "first millennium BCE, with earlier examples this project has not seen dated",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mesopotamia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "yantra-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "yantra",
   "url": "word/yantra-word/",
   "from_year": -999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Rigvedic Sanskrit to the present",
   "label": "the word from Vedic Sanskrit; the diagram sense from the medieval period",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "south-asia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "hamsa",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Hamsa",
   "url": "amulet/hamsa/",
   "from_year": -799,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Iron Age to the present",
   "label": "claimed from c. 800 BCE; documented as an amulet from the 13th century CE; still worn",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "maghreb",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "pazuzu-head",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Pazuzu head",
   "url": "amulet/pazuzu-head/",
   "from_year": -799,
   "to_year": -62,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Neo-Assyrian to Seleucid",
   "label": "8th century BCE to the Seleucid period",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mesopotamia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "hand",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The hand",
   "url": "motif/hand/",
   "from_year": -799,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Iron Age to the present",
   "label": "c. 800 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "maghreb",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "open-palm",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The open palm",
   "url": "motif/open-palm/",
   "from_year": -799,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Iron Age to the present",
   "label": "c. 800 BCE to now, and well documented from the 13th century CE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "maghreb",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "dzi-bead",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Dzi bead",
   "url": "amulet/dzi-bead/",
   "from_year": -699,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Saka-period find to the present",
   "label": "7th–5th century BCE find; worn now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "himalaya-tibet",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "greco-roman-apotropaic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Greek and Roman protective magic",
   "url": "tradition/greco-roman-apotropaic/",
   "from_year": -699,
   "to_year": 499,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Archaic Greek to late Roman",
   "label": "7th century BCE to late antiquity",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "divine-name",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The name",
   "url": "motif/divine-name/",
   "from_year": -699,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Iron Age to the present",
   "label": "late 7th century BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "gorgoneion",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Gorgoneion",
   "url": "amulet/gorgoneion/",
   "from_year": -659,
   "to_year": 399,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Archaic Greek through Roman",
   "label": "from the 7th or 6th century BCE through Greek, Etruscan and Roman antiquity",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "silver",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Silver",
   "url": "material/silver/",
   "from_year": -629,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Iron Age Judah to the present",
   "label": "c. 630 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "ketef-hinnom-scrolls",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Ketef Hinnom silver scrolls",
   "url": "amulet/ketef-hinnom-scrolls/",
   "from_year": -624,
   "to_year": -574,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Iron Age Judah, First Temple period",
   "label": "late 7th to early 6th century BCE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "folding",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Folding",
   "url": "practice/folding/",
   "from_year": -599,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Iron Age to the present",
   "label": "c. 600 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "inscribing",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Inscribing",
   "url": "practice/inscribing/",
   "from_year": -599,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Iron Age to the present",
   "label": "c. 600 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "curse-tablet",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Curse tablet",
   "url": "amulet/curse-tablet/",
   "from_year": -499,
   "to_year": 399,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Classical Greek to Roman Britain",
   "label": "early 5th century BCE to late Roman antiquity",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "hair",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Hair",
   "url": "material/hair/",
   "from_year": -499,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Classical Greece to the present",
   "label": "early 5th century BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "lead",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Lead",
   "url": "material/lead/",
   "from_year": -499,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Classical Greece to the present",
   "label": "early 5th century BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "palm-leaf",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Palm leaf",
   "url": "material/palm-leaf/",
   "from_year": -499,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "5th century BCE to the present",
   "label": "c. 500 BCE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "south-asia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "apotropaic-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "apotropaic",
   "url": "word/apotropaic-word/",
   "from_year": -499,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Greek antiquity to the present",
   "label": "the Greek vocabulary from antiquity; the English adjective from the nineteenth century",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "copper",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Copper and bronze",
   "url": "material/copper/",
   "from_year": -399,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Etruscan Italy and Han China to the present",
   "label": "c. 400 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "china",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "amber",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Amber",
   "url": "material/amber/",
   "from_year": -329,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "classical antiquity to the present",
   "label": "c. 330 BCE to now, and older as a worked material",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "baltic-slavic",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "bulla",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Bulla",
   "url": "amulet/bulla/",
   "from_year": -299,
   "to_year": 399,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Roman",
   "label": "Roman antiquity",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "fascinum",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Fascinum",
   "url": "amulet/fascinum/",
   "from_year": -299,
   "to_year": 399,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Roman",
   "label": "Roman antiquity",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "lunula",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Lunula",
   "url": "amulet/lunula/",
   "from_year": -299,
   "to_year": 399,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Roman",
   "label": "Roman antiquity",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "mezuzah",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Mezuzah",
   "url": "amulet/mezuzah/",
   "from_year": -299,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Biblical commandment, continuous practice",
   "label": "commanded in Deuteronomy; in continuous use as a written parchment to the present",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "san-gregorio-armeno",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Via San Gregorio Armeno",
   "url": "place/san-gregorio-armeno/",
   "from_year": -299,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Greek Neapolis to the present",
   "label": "classical votive terracottas here; the nativity craft from the late 18th century to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "charm-coin",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Chinese charm coin",
   "url": "amulet/charm-coin/",
   "from_year": -205,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Western Han to the present",
   "label": "206 BCE to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "china",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "coin-square",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The square hole",
   "url": "motif/coin-square/",
   "from_year": -205,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Western Han to the present",
   "label": "Western Han (from c. 206 BCE) to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "china",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "thread",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Thread and cord",
   "url": "material/thread/",
   "from_year": -201,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Han China to the present",
   "label": "c. 202 BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "fist",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The fig fist",
   "url": "motif/fist/",
   "from_year": -199,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Roman to the present",
   "label": "in use at least since the Roman period, and still made",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "magic-square",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The number square",
   "url": "motif/magic-square/",
   "from_year": -189,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Western Han China to the present",
   "label": "190 BCE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "china",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "figa",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Figa",
   "url": "amulet/figa/",
   "from_year": -99,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Roman and Greek antiquity to the present",
   "label": "at least from the Roman period to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "iberia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "magical-gem",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Magical gem",
   "url": "amulet/magical-gem/",
   "from_year": -99,
   "to_year": 399,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Roman Imperial",
   "label": "chiefly 1st century BCE to 4th century CE",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "bell",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The bell",
   "url": "motif/bell/",
   "from_year": -99,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Roman Italy to the present",
   "label": "1st century BCE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "hagstone",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Hagstone",
   "url": "amulet/hagstone/",
   "from_year": 1,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Roman to the present",
   "label": "first century CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "tefillin",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Tefillin",
   "url": "amulet/tefillin/",
   "from_year": 1,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Second Temple period to the present",
   "label": "attested from at least the 1st century CE to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "amulet-or-talisman",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Amulet or talisman?",
   "url": "story/amulet-or-talisman/",
   "from_year": 1,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the first century CE to the present",
   "label": "Pliny's Latin, in the first century CE, to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "tooth-and-claw",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The tooth and the claw",
   "url": "motif/tooth-and-claw/",
   "from_year": 23,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Roman written record to the present",
   "label": "attested by Pliny in the 1st century CE; still current in Fiji",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "chinese-fu-craft",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Fulu — Taoist talismanic craft",
   "url": "tradition/chinese-fu-craft/",
   "from_year": 25,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Eastern Han to the present",
   "label": "from the Eastern Han to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "china",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "palindrome-word",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The word that reads both ways",
   "url": "motif/palindrome-word/",
   "from_year": 50,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Roman to the 19th century, and surviving as a stage word",
   "label": "before AD 62 for the square, 2nd century CE for the word; folk use documented into the 19th century",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "phylactery-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "phylactery",
   "url": "word/phylactery-word/",
   "from_year": 50,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "from the Greek New Testament to the present",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "abracadabra",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "abracadabra",
   "url": "word/abracadabra/",
   "from_year": 100,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Roman imperial to the present",
   "label": "from the second century CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "cross",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The cross",
   "url": "motif/cross/",
   "from_year": 101,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Upper Palaeolithic as a mark; from the 2nd century CE as a Christian emblem",
   "label": "as a Christian sign, 2nd century CE to now; as a mark, far older",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "fish",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The fish",
   "url": "motif/fish/",
   "from_year": 101,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "2nd century CE onward",
   "label": "2nd century CE to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "jewish-practical-kabbalah",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Practical Kabbalah",
   "url": "tradition/jewish-practical-kabbalah/",
   "from_year": 200,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Talmudic to the present",
   "label": "amulet-making from Talmudic times; named as a branch by the 14th century; still argued about",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "kamea",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Kamea",
   "url": "amulet/kamea/",
   "from_year": 201,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Talmudic to the present",
   "label": "from Talmudic times to now, restricted throughout",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "counting-beads",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Counting beads",
   "url": "practice/counting-beads/",
   "from_year": 201,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Late antique to the present",
   "label": "from the 3rd century on the earliest dated strand; the Hindu practice older and undated here",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "parchment",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Parchment",
   "url": "material/parchment/",
   "from_year": 300,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "late antiquity to the present",
   "label": "c. 300 CE to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "hanging-at-door",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Hanging at the door",
   "url": "practice/hanging-at-door/",
   "from_year": 301,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Byzantine Levant to the present",
   "label": "c. 4th century CE to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "fu-talisman",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Fu talisman",
   "url": "amulet/fu-talisman/",
   "from_year": 317,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Eastern Jin to the present",
   "label": "by 317 CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "china",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "hindu-kavacha",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Kavacha — the Hindu armour tradition",
   "url": "tradition/hindu-kavacha/",
   "from_year": 400,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Puranic to the present",
   "label": "c. 400 CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "south-asia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "st-christopher-medal",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "St Christopher medal",
   "url": "amulet/st-christopher-medal/",
   "from_year": 452,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the cult from late antiquity; the struck medal from the early modern period",
   "label": "the cult from 452; the struck medal from the sixteenth century; carried now",
   "method": "inscribed",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "holy-rider-pendant",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Holy rider pendant",
   "url": "amulet/holy-rider-pendant/",
   "from_year": 501,
   "to_year": 1299,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Early Byzantine to medieval",
   "label": "early Byzantine bronzes and medieval lead amulets",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "anatolia",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "incantation-bowl",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Incantation bowl",
   "url": "amulet/incantation-bowl/",
   "from_year": 501,
   "to_year": 800,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Sasanian and early Islamic Mesopotamia",
   "label": "6th to 8th century CE",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mesopotamia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "ink",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Ink",
   "url": "material/ink/",
   "from_year": 501,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Sasanian Mesopotamia to the present",
   "label": "6th century CE to now",
   "method": "inscribed",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "corn-dolly",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Corn dolly",
   "url": "amulet/corn-dolly/",
   "from_year": 600,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Early medieval to the present",
   "label": "7th century to now, with a break around 1900",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "barkhor-lhasa",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "The Barkhor",
   "url": "place/barkhor-lhasa/",
   "from_year": 600,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Tibetan imperial to the present",
   "label": "7th century CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "himalaya-tibet",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "cloth",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Cloth",
   "url": "material/cloth/",
   "from_year": 601,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Benedictine Europe to the present",
   "label": "possibly 7th century CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "anatolia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "senso-ji",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Sensō-ji",
   "url": "place/senso-ji/",
   "from_year": 628,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Asuka to the present",
   "label": "628 CE, by tradition, to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "coptic-cross-tattoo",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Coptic cross tattoo",
   "url": "amulet/coptic-cross-tattoo/",
   "from_year": 640,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the Coptic period to the present",
   "label": "from around the seventh century CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "mjolnir-pendant",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Mjölnir pendant",
   "url": "amulet/mjolnir-pendant/",
   "from_year": 700,
   "to_year": 1100,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Viking Age",
   "label": "c. 8th–11th centuries CE, as an excavated object",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "nordic",
   "tier": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "id": "ward-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "ward",
   "url": "word/ward-word/",
   "from_year": 700,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Old English to the present",
   "label": "Old English onwards",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "ofuda",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Ofuda",
   "url": "amulet/ofuda/",
   "from_year": 710,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Nara and Heian woodblock prints to the present",
   "label": "from the Nara period, c. 710, to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "wood",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Wood",
   "url": "material/wood/",
   "from_year": 710,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Nara Japan to the present",
   "label": "Nara period to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "fushimi-inari",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Fushimi Inari-taisha",
   "url": "place/fushimi-inari/",
   "from_year": 711,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Nara to the present",
   "label": "711 CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "tibetan-protection",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Tibetan protection craft",
   "url": "tradition/tibetan-protection/",
   "from_year": 755,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "8th century to the present",
   "label": "755 CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "himalaya-tibet",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "agnus-dei",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Agnus Dei",
   "url": "amulet/agnus-dei/",
   "from_year": 800,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": false,
   "period": "the early Middle Ages onward",
   "label": "from the ninth century; present manufacture unverified here",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "sak-yant",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Sak yant",
   "url": "amulet/sak-yant/",
   "from_year": 800,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Khmer Empire to the present",
   "label": "c. 9th century to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mainland-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "martenitsa",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Martenitsa",
   "url": "amulet/martenitsa/",
   "from_year": 801,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Attested in Byzantine lexicography; living tradition",
   "label": "the earliest text named is Photios' Lexicon; the practice is living and inscribed by UNESCO in 2017",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "balkans",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "thai-wicha",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Thai wicha",
   "url": "tradition/thai-wicha/",
   "from_year": 801,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Khmer Empire to the present",
   "label": "9th century to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mainland-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "catholic-sacramentals",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Catholic sacramentals",
   "url": "tradition/catholic-sacramentals/",
   "from_year": 820,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Early medieval to the present",
   "label": "c. 820 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "tabiz",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Tabiz",
   "url": "amulet/tabiz/",
   "from_year": 900,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "medieval Islamic world to the present",
   "label": "10th century to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "south-asia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "quran-pendant",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Qur'an pendant",
   "url": "amulet/quran-pendant/",
   "from_year": 901,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Medieval Islamic to the present",
   "label": "text amulets in cases from the 10th or 11th century; still worn",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "arabia-gulf",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "taweez",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Ta'wiz",
   "url": "amulet/taweez/",
   "from_year": 901,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Medieval Islamic to the present",
   "label": "block-printed examples from the 10th or 11th century; still worn",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "south-asia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "islamic-talismanic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Islamic talismanic craft",
   "url": "tradition/islamic-talismanic/",
   "from_year": 901,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Early Islamic to the present",
   "label": "block-printed amulets from the 10th century; the practice older, the argument continuous",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "arabia-gulf",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "paper",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Paper",
   "url": "material/paper/",
   "from_year": 901,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "medieval Egypt to the present",
   "label": "10th century CE to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "horseshoe",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Horseshoe",
   "url": "amulet/horseshoe/",
   "from_year": 910,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Medieval to the present",
   "label": "10th century to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "fu-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "fu",
   "url": "word/fu-word/",
   "from_year": 960,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Song dynasty to the present",
   "label": "at least since the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE)",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "china",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "caul",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Caul",
   "url": "amulet/caul/",
   "from_year": 1000,
   "to_year": 1999,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Medieval to the twentieth century",
   "label": "medieval to the 20th century",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "id": "lungta-flag",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Lung ta prayer flag",
   "url": "amulet/lungta-flag/",
   "from_year": 1040,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Bon roots; flags in Tibet by the 11th century",
   "label": "no later than 1040 CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "himalaya-tibet",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "marrakesh-souk",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "The Marrakesh souk",
   "url": "place/marrakesh-souk/",
   "from_year": 1070,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Almoravid to the present",
   "label": "c. 1070 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "maghreb",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "bujeok",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Bujeok",
   "url": "amulet/bujeok/",
   "from_year": 1100,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Goryeo to the present",
   "label": "c. 12th century to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "korea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "korean-bujeok-craft",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Bujeok craft",
   "url": "tradition/korean-bujeok-craft/",
   "from_year": 1101,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Historically attested from the 12th century; still practised",
   "label": "earliest references to mudang from the 12th century; the talismans later",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "korea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "jimat",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Jimat",
   "url": "amulet/jimat/",
   "from_year": 1200,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Majapahit to the present",
   "label": "13th century to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "island-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "keris-pusaka",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Keris pusaka",
   "url": "amulet/keris-pusaka/",
   "from_year": 1200,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Kediri and Singhasari to the present",
   "label": "13th century to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "island-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "takrut",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Takrut",
   "url": "amulet/takrut/",
   "from_year": 1200,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "pre-Buddhist Thailand, then Buddhist from around the 13th century",
   "label": "c. 1200 to now as a Buddhist amulet; older as a Thai one",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mainland-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "consecration",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Consecration",
   "url": "practice/consecration/",
   "from_year": 1200,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "attested from the medieval period; older in every tradition's own account",
   "label": "c. 1200 CE to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "brown-scapular",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Brown Scapular",
   "url": "amulet/brown-scapular/",
   "from_year": 1250,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the high Middle Ages to now",
   "label": "listed from 1250; the garment in the Carmelite habit from the late thirteenth century; worn now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "wearing-hidden",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Wearing hidden",
   "url": "practice/wearing-hidden/",
   "from_year": 1281,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "medieval Europe to the present",
   "label": "1281 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "charm-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "charm",
   "url": "word/charm-word/",
   "from_year": 1300,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "in English from c. 1300",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "concealed-shoe",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Concealed shoe",
   "url": "amulet/concealed-shoe/",
   "from_year": 1308,
   "to_year": 1991,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Late medieval to the mid-twentieth century",
   "label": "1308 to the late 20th century",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "european-folk-apotropaic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "European folk apotropaic craft",
   "url": "tradition/european-folk-apotropaic/",
   "from_year": 1308,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Late medieval to the present",
   "label": "1308 to now, on dated objects",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "japanese-engimono",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Engimono",
   "url": "tradition/japanese-engimono/",
   "from_year": 1336,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Medieval to the present",
   "label": "Ise talismans distributed nationally from the Muromachi period; still issued",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "blessing-at-a-shrine",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Blessing at a shrine",
   "url": "practice/blessing-at-a-shrine/",
   "from_year": 1336,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Medieval to the present",
   "label": "from the Muromachi period on dated distribution; the act far older",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "talismanic-shirt",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Talismanic shirt",
   "url": "amulet/talismanic-shirt/",
   "from_year": 1375,
   "to_year": 1899,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal",
   "label": "late 14th century to the 19th; the tradition may be older",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "anatolia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "buying-in-a-market",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Buying one in a market",
   "url": "practice/buying-in-a-market/",
   "from_year": 1382,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Medieval to the present",
   "label": "from the 1380s on dated buildings; the practice much older",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "khan-el-khalili",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Khan el-Khalili",
   "url": "place/khan-el-khalili/",
   "from_year": 1382,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Burji Mamluk to the present",
   "label": "1382 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "azabache",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Azabache",
   "url": "amulet/azabache/",
   "from_year": 1400,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "late medieval Iberia to the present",
   "label": "c. 1400 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "iberia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "illa",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Illa",
   "url": "amulet/illa/",
   "from_year": 1400,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Inca to the present",
   "label": "c. 1400 to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "andes",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "andean-illa-practice",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Illa practice",
   "url": "tradition/andean-illa-practice/",
   "from_year": 1400,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Inca to the present",
   "label": "a dated Inca illa of 1400–1540; the fair running every 24 January since 1781",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "andes",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "omikuji",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Omikuji",
   "url": "amulet/omikuji/",
   "from_year": 1409,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Muromachi to the present",
   "label": "1409 to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "dolhareubang",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Dol hareubang",
   "url": "amulet/dolhareubang/",
   "from_year": 1416,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Joseon to the present",
   "label": "c. 1416 to now, with the firm record at 1754",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "korea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "amulet-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "amulet",
   "url": "word/amulet-word/",
   "from_year": 1450,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "in English from the mid-1400s",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "grand-bazaar",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "The Grand Bazaar",
   "url": "place/grand-bazaar/",
   "from_year": 1455,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Ottoman to the present",
   "label": "1455 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "anatolia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "luck-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "luck",
   "url": "word/luck-word/",
   "from_year": 1480,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "in English from the 1480s",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "red-string",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Red string",
   "url": "amulet/red-string/",
   "from_year": 1489,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Early modern to the present",
   "label": "the one dated recommendation is from the 1490s; the modern wrist bracelet is a thing of the late 1990s onward",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "red-thread",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The red thread",
   "url": "motif/red-thread/",
   "from_year": 1490,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "late 15th century to the present",
   "label": "1490s to now, as a recommended practice; the Genesis passage is older and is not a prescription",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "cornicello",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Cornicello",
   "url": "amulet/cornicello/",
   "from_year": 1500,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Modern, on an older shape",
   "label": "the shape is far older; documented in this form in the modern period, and still worn",
   "method": "undated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "ethiopian-magic-scroll",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Ethiopian talismanic scroll",
   "url": "amulet/ethiopian-magic-scroll/",
   "from_year": 1500,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "sixteenth century to the present",
   "label": "earliest surviving examples sixteenth century; in use to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "east-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "witch-bottle",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Witch bottle",
   "url": "amulet/witch-bottle/",
   "from_year": 1500,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Early modern to the present",
   "label": "16th century to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "ethiopian-scroll-craft",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Ethiopian scroll craft",
   "url": "tradition/ethiopian-scroll-craft/",
   "from_year": 1500,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "sixteenth century to the present",
   "label": "surviving scrolls from the sixteenth century; the craft is held to be older",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "east-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "periapt",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "periapt",
   "url": "word/periapt/",
   "from_year": 1500,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "in English from the 1500s, by Wiktionary's marking",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "burying",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Burying",
   "url": "practice/burying/",
   "from_year": 1501,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "early modern Europe to the present; far older in the Mediterranean and Mesopotamia",
   "label": "c. 1500s to now",
   "method": "excavated",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "feeding-the-charm",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Feeding the charm",
   "url": "practice/feeding-the-charm/",
   "from_year": 1501,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "sixteenth century to the present",
   "label": "c. 1500s to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "latin-american-folk-catholic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Latin American folk Catholic charm practice",
   "url": "tradition/latin-american-folk-catholic/",
   "from_year": 1521,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Colonial to the present",
   "label": "from the Spanish arrival in the Americas to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mesoamerica",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "anting-anting",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Anting-anting",
   "url": "amulet/anting-anting/",
   "from_year": 1565,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Spanish colonial period to the present",
   "label": "from the early Spanish colonial period, 1565 onward",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "island-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "quiapo-church",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Quiapo Church",
   "url": "place/quiapo-church/",
   "from_year": 1588,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Spanish colonial to the present",
   "label": "1588 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "island-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "brigids-cross",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Brigid's cross",
   "url": "amulet/brigids-cross/",
   "from_year": 1600,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Early modern to the present",
   "label": "17th century to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "four-leaf-clover",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Four-leaf clover",
   "url": "amulet/four-leaf-clover/",
   "from_year": 1600,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Early modern to the present",
   "label": "17th century to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "nkisi",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Nkisi",
   "url": "amulet/nkisi/",
   "from_year": 1600,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "early seventeenth century to the present; nailed figures mainly nineteenth and early twentieth century",
   "label": "attested from the early seventeenth century; nailed nkondi mainly 1800s–1900s",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "central-africa",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "bakongo-nkisi-craft",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Bakongo nkisi craft",
   "url": "tradition/bakongo-nkisi-craft/",
   "from_year": 1600,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "early seventeenth century to the present",
   "label": "attested from the early seventeenth century; nailed figures mainly 1800s–1900s",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "central-africa",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "west-african-charm-craft",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "West African charm craft",
   "url": "tradition/west-african-charm-craft/",
   "from_year": 1600,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "documented from the era of European coastal trade; the practices are older",
   "label": "documented from the seventeenth century onward; in practice now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "omamori",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Omamori",
   "url": "amulet/omamori/",
   "from_year": 1603,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Tokugawa (Edo) to the present",
   "label": "c. 1603 to now, for the printed charm; the pouch worn on a person is later",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "teru-teru-bozu",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Teru teru bōzu",
   "url": "amulet/teru-teru-bozu/",
   "from_year": 1603,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Edo to the present",
   "label": "c. 1603 to now, with a Heian-period import behind it",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "fetish-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "fetish",
   "url": "word/fetish-word/",
   "from_year": 1610,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "in English from the 1610s",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "talisman-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "talisman",
   "url": "word/talisman-word/",
   "from_year": 1630,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "in English from the 1630s",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "vodou-not-voodoo",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "Vodou and Vodún — and the spelling this atlas does not use",
   "url": "word/vodou-not-voodoo/",
   "from_year": 1658,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "the word on record from 1658 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "caribbean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "gris-gris",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Gris-gris",
   "url": "amulet/gris-gris/",
   "from_year": 1700,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "documented from the era of the West African Muslim scholarly networks; carried to the Americas with Atlantic slavery",
   "label": "documented from the eighteenth century; older than its documentation",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "ongon",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Ongon",
   "url": "amulet/ongon/",
   "from_year": 1700,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "18th-century shamaness to the present ethnographic record",
   "label": "18th century to now",
   "method": "ethnographic",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mongolia-steppe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "maori-taonga",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Taonga Māori",
   "url": "tradition/maori-taonga/",
   "from_year": 1750,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Pre-contact to the present",
   "label": "increased pounamu production from the mid-18th century; the practice older",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "aotearoa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "british-museum-room-1",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Room 1: Enlightenment, the British Museum",
   "url": "place/british-museum-room-1/",
   "from_year": 1753,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Georgian room, present display",
   "label": "the museum from 1753; this room's display as it now stands",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "british-museum",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "The British Museum",
   "url": "org/british-museum/",
   "from_year": 1753,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Georgian to now",
   "label": "1753 to the present",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "daruma",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Daruma",
   "url": "amulet/daruma/",
   "from_year": 1764,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Meiwa to the present",
   "label": "c. 1764 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "burning-retirement",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Burning at retirement",
   "url": "practice/burning-retirement/",
   "from_year": 1764,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "documented in the modern period; the ceremonies are older than the dates cited here",
   "label": "c. 1764 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "renewing-yearly",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Renewing yearly",
   "url": "practice/renewing-yearly/",
   "from_year": 1764,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Edo Japan to the present",
   "label": "c. 1764 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "sewing-in",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Sewing in",
   "url": "practice/sewing-in/",
   "from_year": 1773,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "eighteenth century to the present",
   "label": "1773 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "ekeko",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Ekeko",
   "url": "amulet/ekeko/",
   "from_year": 1781,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "colonial La Paz to the present",
   "label": "1781 to now, on the colonial figure; older claims are named and not dated here",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "andes",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "akuaba-figure",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Akua'ba",
   "url": "amulet/akuaba-figure/",
   "from_year": 1800,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "documented from the nineteenth century; in use now",
   "label": "documented from the 1800s to the present",
   "method": "ethnographic",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "hex-sign",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Hex sign",
   "url": "amulet/hex-sign/",
   "from_year": 1800,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Nineteenth century to the present",
   "label": "early 19th century to now",
   "method": "art-historical",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "the-fake-market",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The fake market",
   "url": "story/the-fake-market/",
   "from_year": 1800,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the nineteenth century to the present",
   "label": "c. 1800 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mainland-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "augustus-pitt-rivers",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Augustus Pitt Rivers",
   "url": "person/augustus-pitt-rivers/",
   "from_year": 1827,
   "to_year": 1900,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Victorian",
   "label": "14 April 1827 – 4 May 1900",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "inheriting",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Inheriting",
   "url": "practice/inheriting/",
   "from_year": 1830,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "nineteenth century to the present in the dated cases; older in each tradition's own account",
   "label": "1830 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "island-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "frederick-elworthy",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Frederick Thomas Elworthy",
   "url": "person/frederick-elworthy/",
   "from_year": 1830,
   "to_year": 1907,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Victorian",
   "label": "10 January 1830 – 13 December 1907",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "miraculous-medal",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Miraculous Medal",
   "url": "amulet/miraculous-medal/",
   "from_year": 1832,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the nineteenth century to now",
   "label": "first struck 30 June 1832; carried now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "rowan-cross",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Rowan cross",
   "url": "amulet/rowan-cross/",
   "from_year": 1846,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Victorian folklore record to the present",
   "label": "recorded from the 1840s; still made",
   "method": "ethnographic",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "id": "maneki-neko",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Maneki-neko",
   "url": "amulet/maneki-neko/",
   "from_year": 1852,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "late Edo to the present",
   "label": "1852 to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "edward-lovett",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Edward Lovett",
   "url": "person/edward-lovett/",
   "from_year": 1852,
   "to_year": 1933,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Victorian to interwar",
   "label": "July 1852 – 1933",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "flinders-petrie",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Flinders Petrie",
   "url": "person/flinders-petrie/",
   "from_year": 1853,
   "to_year": 1942,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Victorian and early twentieth century",
   "label": "3 June 1853 – 29 July 1942",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "wallis-budge",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "E. A. Wallis Budge",
   "url": "person/wallis-budge/",
   "from_year": 1857,
   "to_year": 1934,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Victorian and early twentieth century",
   "label": "27 July 1857 – 23 November 1934",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "juju-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "juju",
   "url": "word/juju-word/",
   "from_year": 1860,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "in English from 1860",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "phra-khrueang",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Phra khrueang",
   "url": "amulet/phra-khrueang/",
   "from_year": 1866,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Rattanakosin to the present",
   "label": "c. 1866 to now, on the earliest dated production; the votive tablets behind it are far older",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "mainland-sea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "mascot-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "mascot",
   "url": "word/mascot-word/",
   "from_year": 1867,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "French from 1867, English from 1881",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "met-egyptian-galleries",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "The Egyptian galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art",
   "url": "place/met-egyptian-galleries/",
   "from_year": 1870,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "collection from 1870; excavations 1906–1941",
   "label": "collection begun 1870, dug 1906–1941, on display now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "siegfried-seligmann",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Siegfried Seligmann",
   "url": "person/siegfried-seligmann/",
   "from_year": 1870,
   "to_year": 1926,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany",
   "label": "12 June 1870 – 10 November 1926",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "metropolitan-museum",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art",
   "url": "org/metropolitan-museum/",
   "from_year": 1870,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "1870 to now",
   "label": "1870 to the present",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "the-swastika-problem",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The swastika problem",
   "url": "story/the-swastika-problem/",
   "from_year": 1871,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the Indus Valley to the present",
   "label": "1871, Schliemann at Troy, to now — the European half of the story",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "south-asia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "campbell-bonner",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Campbell Bonner",
   "url": "person/campbell-bonner/",
   "from_year": 1876,
   "to_year": 1954,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Twentieth century",
   "label": "30 January 1876 – 11 July 1954",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "ancient-egypt",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "walter-hildburgh",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Walter Leo Hildburgh",
   "url": "person/walter-hildburgh/",
   "from_year": 1876,
   "to_year": 1955,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Twentieth century",
   "label": "1876–1955",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "rabbits-foot",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Rabbit's foot",
   "url": "amulet/rabbits-foot/",
   "from_year": 1884,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Nineteenth century to the present",
   "label": "documented from 1884; still carried",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "pitt-rivers-charms",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "The amulet and charm cases, Pitt Rivers Museum",
   "url": "place/pitt-rivers-charms/",
   "from_year": 1884,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "1884 to now; the amulet block from 1931 and 1985",
   "label": "museum from 1884; the de Mortillet amulets sold 1931, transferred 1985, catalogued 2012",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "pitt-rivers-museum",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "The Pitt Rivers Museum",
   "url": "org/pitt-rivers-museum/",
   "from_year": 1884,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "1884 to now",
   "label": "1884 to the present",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "game-day-charm",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Game-day charm",
   "url": "amulet/game-day-charm/",
   "from_year": 1887,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the modern professional game",
   "label": "the earliest dated instance is 23 August 1887; carried now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "senninbari",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Senninbari",
   "url": "amulet/senninbari/",
   "from_year": 1894,
   "to_year": 1945,
   "living": false,
   "period": "First Sino-Japanese War to the end of the Second World War",
   "label": "1894 to 1945",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "cimaruta",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Cimaruta",
   "url": "amulet/cimaruta/",
   "from_year": 1899,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Documented from the turn of the twentieth century",
   "label": "documented from 1899; still made",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "rome-italy",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "car-saint",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Car saint",
   "url": "amulet/car-saint/",
   "from_year": 1900,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the motor age",
   "label": "the motor age to now; the cult behind it is medieval",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "hirz-pouch",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Hirz",
   "url": "amulet/hirz-pouch/",
   "from_year": 1900,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Al Bu Said dynasty for the published example; the practice is older",
   "label": "the published example is early twentieth century; the practice runs to now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "arabia-gulf",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "inuit-amulet",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Inuit amulet",
   "url": "amulet/inuit-amulet/",
   "from_year": 1900,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "recorded by twentieth-century ethnographers",
   "label": "recorded from c. 1900; older, and undated here",
   "method": "ethnographic",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "siberia-arctic",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "tuareg-cross",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Agadez cross",
   "url": "amulet/tuareg-cross/",
   "from_year": 1900,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "living Tuareg practice; the image is sometimes traced further back",
   "label": "current practice; no start date is published in the source read",
   "method": "ethnographic",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "west-africa",
   "tier": "inference"
  },
  {
   "id": "insadong",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Insa-dong",
   "url": "place/insadong/",
   "from_year": 1910,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Japanese colonial period to the present",
   "label": "c. 1910s to now, as an antiques quarter",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "korea",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "wellcome-lovett",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "The Lovett charms at Wellcome Collection",
   "url": "place/wellcome-lovett/",
   "from_year": 1916,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "1916 to now",
   "label": "Lovett curated here in 1916; Wellcome bought from him in 1930; the charms were shown again in 2011–12",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "mojo-word",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "mojo",
   "url": "word/mojo-word/",
   "from_year": 1920,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "",
   "label": "in English from the 1920s",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "joseph-naveh",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Joseph Naveh",
   "url": "person/joseph-naveh/",
   "from_year": 1928,
   "to_year": 2011,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Twentieth century",
   "label": "21 January 1928 – 21 November 2011",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "dreamcatcher",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Dreamcatcher",
   "url": "amulet/dreamcatcher/",
   "from_year": 1929,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Anishinaabe practice, recorded from 1929; mass market from the 1980s",
   "label": "recorded 1929; carried now",
   "method": "ethnographic",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "shaul-shaked",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Shaul Shaked",
   "url": "person/shaul-shaked/",
   "from_year": 1933,
   "to_year": 2021,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Twentieth to twenty-first century",
   "label": "5 March 1933 – 27 October 2021",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "levant",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "alan-dundes",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Alan Dundes",
   "url": "person/alan-dundes/",
   "from_year": 1934,
   "to_year": 2005,
   "living": false,
   "period": "Twentieth century",
   "label": "8 September 1934 – 30 March 2005",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "merkato-addis",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Merkato",
   "url": "place/merkato-addis/",
   "from_year": 1936,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Italian occupation to the present",
   "label": "c. 1930s to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "east-africa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "toli-mirror",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Toli",
   "url": "amulet/toli-mirror/",
   "from_year": 1940,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "recorded in 20th-century ethnography; worn now",
   "label": "1940s record to now",
   "method": "ethnographic",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "mongolia-steppe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "challenge-coin",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Challenge coin",
   "url": "amulet/challenge-coin/",
   "from_year": 1950,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the mid twentieth century to now",
   "label": "the oldest surviving coin is 1950–1958; carried now",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "christopher-faraone",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Christopher A. Faraone",
   "url": "person/christopher-faraone/",
   "from_year": 1955,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Living",
   "label": "born 1955",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "greece-aegean",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "mercado-de-sonora",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Mercado de Sonora",
   "url": "place/mercado-de-sonora/",
   "from_year": 1957,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "modern",
   "label": "1957 to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "mesoamerica",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "aiatsis",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies",
   "url": "org/aiatsis/",
   "from_year": 1964,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "1964 to now",
   "label": "established June 1964; renamed under the AIATSIS Act 1989",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "australia",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "kathmandu-thamel",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Thamel",
   "url": "place/kathmandu-thamel/",
   "from_year": 1970,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "modern",
   "label": "c. 1970s to now, as a tourist district",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "himalaya-tibet",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "who-owns-a-charm",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Who owns a charm",
   "url": "story/who-owns-a-charm/",
   "from_year": 1976,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "1976 to the present",
   "label": "1976, the Iowa Burials Protection Act, to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "exam-charm",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Exam charm",
   "url": "amulet/exam-charm/",
   "from_year": 1979,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the modern examination system; the Tenjin cult behind it is Heian",
   "label": "the dated record runs from 1979; the Tenjin cult behind it is Heian; carried now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "nagpra",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act",
   "url": "org/nagpra/",
   "from_year": 1990,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "1990 to now",
   "label": "enacted 16 November 1990; amended 2022; regulations revised effective 12 January 2024",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "north-america",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "te-papa",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa",
   "url": "org/te-papa/",
   "from_year": 1992,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "1992 to now",
   "label": "established 1992, opened 14 February 1998",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "aotearoa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "phone-charm",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Phone charm",
   "url": "amulet/phone-charm/",
   "from_year": 1995,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the mobile phone era",
   "label": "from about 1995; carried now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": true,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "te-papa-taonga",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Mana Whenua, Te Papa",
   "url": "place/te-papa-taonga/",
   "from_year": 1998,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "museum from 1992; taonga from seven centuries",
   "label": "the building opened 14 February 1998; the carvings in it span seven centuries",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "aotearoa",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "what-this-atlas-does-not-print",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "What this atlas does not print",
   "url": "story/what-this-atlas-does-not-print/",
   "from_year": 1999,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the rule as applied from 2026",
   "label": "1999, when AIATSIS first published ethical guidelines, to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "gau-box",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Gau",
   "url": "amulet/gau-box/",
   "from_year": 2000,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Tibetan Buddhist; the catalogued example is 21st century",
   "label": "the dated example is of the 2000s; the form is older and undated here",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "himalaya-tibet",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "sungkhor",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Sungkhor",
   "url": "amulet/sungkhor/",
   "from_year": 2000,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "Tibetan Buddhist; the catalogued example is 21st century",
   "label": "the dated example is of the 2000s; the form is older and undated here",
   "method": "dated-object",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "himalaya-tibet",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "unesco-ich",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage",
   "url": "org/unesco-ich/",
   "from_year": 2003,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "2003 to now",
   "label": "Convention adopted 2003; inscriptions annual since",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "wikimedia-commons",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "Wikimedia Commons",
   "url": "org/wikimedia-commons/",
   "from_year": 2004,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "2004 to now",
   "label": "launched 7 September 2004",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "quai-branly",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "Musée du quai Branly — Jacques Chirac",
   "url": "org/quai-branly/",
   "from_year": 2006,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "2006 to now",
   "label": "inaugurated 20 June 2006, opened to the public 23 June 2006",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "western-europe",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "wellcome-collection",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "Wellcome Collection",
   "url": "org/wellcome-collection/",
   "from_year": 2007,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "2007 to now; the collection from the 1890s",
   "label": "opened June 2007; the collection behind it built from the late nineteenth century",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "britain-ireland",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "the-charm-goes-digital",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The charm goes digital",
   "url": "story/the-charm-goes-digital/",
   "from_year": 2015,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the 2010s to the present",
   "label": "2015, the Kanda Myojin report, to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "japan",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "dating-a-charm",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Dating a charm",
   "url": "story/dating-a-charm/",
   "from_year": 2026,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the convention as applied in this build",
   "label": "2026, when this atlas was built, to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "id": "free-to-use",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Free to use",
   "url": "story/free-to-use/",
   "from_year": 2026,
   "to_year": null,
   "living": true,
   "period": "the licence as applied from 2026",
   "label": "2026, when this repository was licensed, to now",
   "method": "textual",
   "circa": false,
   "region": "world",
   "tier": "cited"
  }
 ]
}