{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "catholic-sacramentals",
 "type": "tradition",
 "names": {
  "name": "Catholic sacramentals",
  "native": "sacramentalia",
  "script": "Latin",
  "lang": "la",
  "said": "sa-kra-men-TAH-lee-ah",
  "aliases": [
   "sacramental",
   "devotional article",
   "blessed object"
  ]
 },
 "etymology": {
  "root": "Latin sacramentalia, the plural of sacramentale, from sacramentum — the word used for the seven sacraments, which these objects and rites deliberately resemble without being.",
  "note": "The Church's own vocabulary separates two things this atlas tends to run together: a sacramental is a sacred sign, a ritual act or a ceremony; rosary beads, scapulars, medals and religious images are, in the Church's words, more accurately termed devotional articles.",
  "tier": "cited",
  "source": "s:wp-sacramental"
 },
 "region": [
  "world",
  "rome-italy",
  "western-europe",
  "iberia",
  "north-america"
 ],
 "countries": [
  "VA",
  "IT",
  "FR",
  "GB",
  "PT",
  "US"
 ],
 "facets": {
  "era": "medieval",
  "status": "living",
  "restricted": "open",
  "language": "la",
  "hemisphere": [
   "N",
   "S",
   "E",
   "W"
  ]
 },
 "text": {
  "what": "The class of blessed objects and rites the Catholic Church puts around the sacraments: holy water, blessed candles given out at Candlemas, blessed palms, blessed ashes, blessed salt, a crucifix, a cross necklace, a headcovering, holy cards, a scapular, a medal. The Catechism sorts sacramentals into three kinds — blessings, consecrations and dedications, and exorcisms. They are also recognised, in their own forms, by the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches, the Church of the East, the Lutheran churches, the Old Catholic Church, the Anglican churches and Independent Catholic churches.",
  "story": "This is the one tradition in this atlas that has published a boundary against being in it, and the boundary is the record.\n\nThe Church's own definition: sacramentals are \"sacred signs which bear a resemblance to the sacraments: they signify effects, particularly of a spiritual nature, which are obtained through the Church's intercession.\" The machinery is deliberately different from the sacraments'. Sacramentals do not confer the grace of the Holy Spirit the way the sacraments do; by the Church's prayer they prepare a person to receive grace and dispose them to cooperate with it. Unlike the seven sacraments, which the Church holds were instituted by Christ, sacramentals were instituted by the Church, which can change their form and number; and they do not act ex opere operato, by the working of the work, but ex opere operantis, by the working of the one who does it. The Catechism puts the distinction in an example: the water of baptism causes the forgiveness of sins within the sacramental celebration, while holy water, which recalls baptism, has no effect in itself and depends on the faith of the person who crosses themselves with it at the church door.\n\nThat is the line. On the other side of it, in the same Catechism, comes the condemnation. Paragraph 2111 defines its terms — \"Superstition is the deviation of religious feeling and of the practices this feeling imposes\" — and says that attributing a magical importance to otherwise lawful practices, or crediting the efficacy of prayers to their external performance apart from the interior dispositions they require, falls under it. Paragraph 2117 is blunter: after condemning magic and sorcery as gravely contrary to the virtue of religion, it adds four words — \"Wearing charms is also reprehensible.\"\n\nAnd on the third side there is what people do. The Miraculous Medal was distributed by the Daughters of Charity during a cholera pandemic and passed a billion copies within fifty years. Saint Christopher medals are sold with the promise printed on them in French and Spanish. The Agnus Dei, a papal wax disc, was carried against storm, pestilence, fire, flood and the dangers of childbirth. The Brown Scapular carries a promise of salvation to those who wear it piously. The 2004 Enchiridion Indulgentiarum grants a partial indulgence to the faithful who use a crucifix or cross, a crown, a scapular, or a medal blessed by a priest — so the Church attaches a benefit to wearing the object, by its own procedure, in the same book of rules that says wearing charms is reprehensible.\n\nThe distinction the Church draws is between an object that disposes a wearer toward grace and an object worked to compel a result. This atlas prints that distinction, prints the condemnation, prints the promise, and prints what a driver with a medal on the dashboard says the medal is for. It does not rule on which of them is describing the same object."
 },
 "dating": {
  "period": "Early medieval to the present",
  "from_year": 820,
  "to_year": null,
  "living": true,
  "label": "c. 820 to now",
  "method": "textual",
  "circa": true,
  "tier": "cited",
  "source": "s:web-cathen-agnus-dei",
  "note": "820 is the earliest dated object in this record's sources: Herbert Thurston's date for the first mention of the Agnus Dei. Blessed objects in Christian use are far older — Gregory the Great sent Queen Theodelinda two phylacteria containing a relic of the True Cross — and the formal category of sacramentalia is later than both. This field dates the earliest object with a year on it, not the category."
 },
 "against": [
  {
   "harm": "traffic",
   "who": "the description of ichthys emblems applied to vehicles: to signify that the owner is a Christian and to offer protection while driving",
   "source": "s:wp-sacramental",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "harm": "demons",
   "who": "the Catechism itself, which lists exorcisms as one of the three kinds of sacramental",
   "source": "s:wp-sacramental",
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  {
   "harm": "curse",
   "who": "the Catechism of the Catholic Church, in the negative: paragraph 2117 condemns magic and sorcery and adds that wearing charms is also reprehensible",
   "quote": "Wearing charms is also reprehensible.",
   "source": "s:web-ccc-first-commandment",
   "tier": "cited",
   "note": "entered here because this atlas's `against` field records what a tradition says an object is for, and what this tradition says, in writing, is that a class of use is forbidden. The entry is the boundary, not a claim."
  }
 ],
 "kin": [
  {
   "to": "agnus-dei",
   "as": "the oldest dated object in this tradition and the one whose claims read least like a sacramental and most like the thing the Catechism forbids",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "st-christopher-medal",
   "as": "the sacramental that travels, with its promise stamped on it in French and Spanish",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "miraculous-medal",
   "as": "the one with a documented origin, a named visionary, a goldsmith, a mint date and a billion copies",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "brown-scapular",
   "as": "the one that is worn as clothing, and the one whose promise is the largest",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "consecration",
   "as": "the act that makes an object a sacramental at all: the Church's blessing, by a priest or by a qualified lay person where the ordinary permits",
   "rel": "practice"
  },
  {
   "to": "counting-beads",
   "as": "the rosary, which the Church files as a popular devotion rather than as a sacramental, and the beads, which it files as a devotional article",
   "rel": "practice"
  },
  {
   "to": "blessing-at-a-shrine",
   "as": "where most of these objects are acquired and what is done to them there",
   "rel": "practice"
  },
  {
   "to": "ex-voto-wall",
   "as": "the other half of the Catholic economy of objects: these are given to the wearer, those are given back to the shrine",
   "rel": "kin"
  },
  {
   "to": "tama-votive",
   "as": "the Orthodox counterpart, which does the giving-back in stamped metal",
   "rel": "parallel"
  },
  {
   "to": "ladanka",
   "as": "the Orthodox object worn at the neck beside the cross, blessed the same way and argued over in the same terms",
   "rel": "parallel"
  },
  {
   "to": "latin-american-folk-catholic",
   "as": "what happens to these objects where the Church's line is drawn in one place and the household draws it in another",
   "rel": "descendant"
  },
  {
   "to": "european-folk-apotropaic",
   "as": "the neighbouring tradition, which this one has spent a thousand years defining itself against and borrowing from",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "to": "amulet-or-talisman",
   "as": "the long read about words, and the place where the Church's distinction between a sacramental and a charm gets set beside everyone else's",
   "rel": "story"
  },
  {
   "to": "car-saint",
   "as": "where the argument lives now: a medal on a dashboard, and two accounts of what it is doing there",
   "rel": "descendant"
  }
 ],
 "links": [
  {
   "label": "Sacramental — Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental"
  },
  {
   "label": "Catechism of the Catholic Church, First Commandment — vatican.va",
   "url": "https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_three/section_two/chapter_one/article_1/iii_you_shall_have_no_other_gods_before_me.html"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  "s:wp-sacramental",
  "s:web-ccc-first-commandment",
  "s:wp-devotional-medal",
  "s:web-cathen-agnus-dei",
  "s:wp-scapular",
  "s:wp-miraculous-medal",
  "s:wp-saint-christopher"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-sacramental"
  },
  "fields": {
   "text.story": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:web-ccc-first-commandment",
    "note": "both Catechism passages were read on vatican.va; the indulgence rule is cited from the scapular and medal articles"
   }
  }
 },
 "images": [],
 "confidence": "high",
 "updated": "2026-09-16",
 "blurb": "The class of blessed objects and rites the Catholic Church puts around the sacraments: holy water, blessed candles given out at Candlemas, blessed palms, blessed ashes, blessed salt, a crucifix, a cross necklace, a…",
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "world",
   "name": "Everywhere",
   "hemi": [
    "N",
    "S",
    "E",
    "W"
   ],
   "note": "use for a sign or a practice documented on more than two continents"
  },
  {
   "key": "rome-italy",
   "name": "Rome and Italy",
   "hemi": [
    "N",
    "E"
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "western-europe",
   "name": "Western Europe",
   "hemi": [
    "N",
    "W",
    "E"
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "iberia",
   "name": "Iberia",
   "hemi": [
    "N",
    "W"
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "north-america",
   "name": "North America",
   "hemi": [
    "N",
    "W"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "hemispheres": [
  "E",
  "N",
  "S",
  "W"
 ],
 "kin_out": [
  {
   "to": "agnus-dei",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Agnus Dei",
   "as": "the oldest dated object in this tradition and the one whose claims read least like a sacramental and most like the thing the Catechism forbids",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "st-christopher-medal",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "St Christopher medal",
   "as": "the sacramental that travels, with its promise stamped on it in French and Spanish",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "miraculous-medal",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Miraculous Medal",
   "as": "the one with a documented origin, a named visionary, a goldsmith, a mint date and a billion copies",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "brown-scapular",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Brown Scapular",
   "as": "the one that is worn as clothing, and the one whose promise is the largest",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "consecration",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Consecration",
   "as": "the act that makes an object a sacramental at all: the Church's blessing, by a priest or by a qualified lay person where the ordinary permits",
   "rel": "practice"
  },
  {
   "to": "counting-beads",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Counting beads",
   "as": "the rosary, which the Church files as a popular devotion rather than as a sacramental, and the beads, which it files as a devotional article",
   "rel": "practice"
  },
  {
   "to": "blessing-at-a-shrine",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Blessing at a shrine",
   "as": "where most of these objects are acquired and what is done to them there",
   "rel": "practice"
  },
  {
   "to": "ex-voto-wall",
   "type": "art",
   "name": "The ex-voto wall",
   "as": "the other half of the Catholic economy of objects: these are given to the wearer, those are given back to the shrine",
   "rel": "kin"
  },
  {
   "to": "tama-votive",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Tama",
   "as": "the Orthodox counterpart, which does the giving-back in stamped metal",
   "rel": "parallel"
  },
  {
   "to": "ladanka",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Ladanka",
   "as": "the Orthodox object worn at the neck beside the cross, blessed the same way and argued over in the same terms",
   "rel": "parallel"
  },
  {
   "to": "latin-american-folk-catholic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Latin American folk Catholic charm practice",
   "as": "what happens to these objects where the Church's line is drawn in one place and the household draws it in another",
   "rel": "descendant"
  },
  {
   "to": "european-folk-apotropaic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "European folk apotropaic craft",
   "as": "the neighbouring tradition, which this one has spent a thousand years defining itself against and borrowing from",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "to": "amulet-or-talisman",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Amulet or talisman?",
   "as": "the long read about words, and the place where the Church's distinction between a sacramental and a charm gets set beside everyone else's",
   "rel": "story"
  },
  {
   "to": "car-saint",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Car saint",
   "as": "where the argument lives now: a medal on a dashboard, and two accounts of what it is doing there",
   "rel": "descendant"
  }
 ],
 "source_list": [
  {
   "id": "s:wp-sacramental",
   "kind": "encyclopedia",
   "title": "Sacramental",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:web-ccc-first-commandment",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "Catechism of the Catholic Church — Part Three, Section Two, Chapter One, Article 1, III: You Shall Have No Other Gods Before Me",
   "publisher": "Libreria Editrice Vaticana / The Holy See",
   "url": "https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_three/section_two/chapter_one/article_1/iii_you_shall_have_no_other_gods_before_me.html",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:wp-devotional-medal",
   "kind": "encyclopedia",
   "title": "Devotional medal",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotional_medal",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:web-cathen-agnus-dei",
   "kind": "encyclopedia",
   "title": "Agnus Dei",
   "author": "Herbert Thurston",
   "publisher": "The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 1 (Robert Appleton Company, New York, 1907), digitised by New Advent",
   "url": "https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01220a.htm",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:wp-scapular",
   "kind": "encyclopedia",
   "title": "Scapular",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapular",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:wp-miraculous-medal",
   "kind": "encyclopedia",
   "title": "Miraculous Medal",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_Medal",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:wp-saint-christopher",
   "kind": "encyclopedia",
   "title": "Saint Christopher",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Christopher",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  }
 ],
 "tiers": {
  "text.what": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-sacramental"
  },
  "text.story": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:web-ccc-first-commandment",
   "note": "both Catechism passages were read on vatican.va; the indulgence rule is cited from the scapular and medal articles"
  },
  "etymology": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-sacramental"
  },
  "dating": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-sacramental"
  }
 },
 "primary_image": null,
 "tag_facts": [],
 "recognition_facts": [],
 "acclaim": 0,
 "against_facts": [
  {
   "key": "traffic",
   "label": "A road accident",
   "gloss": "the modern descendant of the travel charm",
   "who": "the description of ichthys emblems applied to vehicles: to signify that the owner is a Christian and to offer protection while driving",
   "quote": "",
   "source": "s:wp-sacramental",
   "tier": "cited",
   "note": ""
  },
  {
   "key": "demons",
   "label": "Demons and night-hags",
   "who": "the Catechism itself, which lists exorcisms as one of the three kinds of sacramental",
   "quote": "",
   "source": "s:wp-sacramental",
   "tier": "cited",
   "note": ""
  },
  {
   "key": "curse",
   "label": "A curse already laid",
   "who": "the Catechism of the Catholic Church, in the negative: paragraph 2117 condemns magic and sorcery and adds that wearing charms is also reprehensible",
   "quote": "Wearing charms is also reprehensible.",
   "source": "s:web-ccc-first-commandment",
   "tier": "cited",
   "note": "entered here because this atlas's `against` field records what a tradition says an object is for, and what this tradition says, in writing, is that a class of use is forbidden. The entry is the boundary, not a claim."
  }
 ],
 "material_facts": [],
 "worn_facts": [],
 "form_fact": null,
 "holding_facts": [],
 "span": "820 CE to now",
 "country_names": [
  {
   "iso": "VA",
   "name": "Vatican City"
  },
  {
   "iso": "IT",
   "name": "Italy"
  },
  {
   "iso": "FR",
   "name": "France"
  },
  {
   "iso": "GB",
   "name": "United Kingdom"
  },
  {
   "iso": "PT",
   "name": "Portugal"
  },
  {
   "iso": "US",
   "name": "United States of America"
  }
 ],
 "kin_in": [
  {
   "from": "agnus-dei",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Agnus Dei",
   "as": "the category, and the object the Catholic Encyclopedia treats as its oldest member",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "brigids-cross",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Brigid's cross",
   "as": "what it is not, formally: no priest blesses it, no indulgence attaches, and the blessing is asked of the saint overnight",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "from": "brown-scapular",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Brown Scapular",
   "as": "the category it belongs to, and the word the Carmelites use when they say what it is not",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "car-saint",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Car saint",
   "as": "the Church's category a blessed medal falls into, and the framework the object outlived a calendar decision inside",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "milagro",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Milagro",
   "as": "the Church's own category of blessed objects, which a milagro sits beside without being one",
   "rel": "kin"
  },
  {
   "from": "miraculous-medal",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "Miraculous Medal",
   "as": "the category the Church files it under, and the doctrine that says a medal disposes rather than delivers",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "st-christopher-medal",
   "type": "amulet",
   "name": "St Christopher medal",
   "as": "the category the Church puts a blessed medal in, and the doctrine the Spanish rim sentence outruns",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "european-folk-apotropaic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "European folk apotropaic craft",
   "as": "the neighbouring tradition, which this one has spent a thousand years borrowing from and being disowned by; a Brigid's cross sits on the line",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "from": "latin-american-folk-catholic",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Latin American folk Catholic charm practice",
   "as": "the tradition this one is defined against: there the Church draws the line, here the household draws it somewhere else",
   "rel": "origin"
  },
  {
   "from": "cross",
   "type": "motif",
   "name": "The cross",
   "as": "the tradition that governs what a blessed cross is and is not",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "jet",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Jet",
   "as": "the tradition that bought jet by the shipload at Santiago de Compostela",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "salt",
   "type": "material",
   "name": "Salt",
   "as": "the tradition that blesses salt and tells the laity exactly what they may do with it",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "blessing-at-a-shrine",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Blessing at a shrine",
   "as": "the tradition that wrote this step into canon law, and set out what it does and does not do",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "consecration",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Consecration",
   "as": "the tradition that wrote this step into canon law: blessings, consecrations and dedications, exorcisms",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "counting-beads",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Counting beads",
   "as": "the tradition that files the rosary as a popular devotion and the beads as a devotional article — two different categories for one object",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "wearing-hidden",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Wearing hidden",
   "as": "the tradition that wrote concealed wearing into an order's constitution",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "quiapo-church",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Quiapo Church",
   "as": "the church's own class of blessed object, sold and worn a few metres from the other trade",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "san-gregorio-armeno",
   "type": "place",
   "name": "Via San Gregorio Armeno",
   "as": "the blessed objects sold a few doors from the horn, by the same hands",
   "rel": "parallel"
  },
  {
   "from": "ex-voto-wall",
   "type": "art",
   "name": "The ex-voto wall",
   "as": "the wider category the Church itself places these near, and distinguishes from charms",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "from": "amulet-or-talisman",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Amulet or talisman?",
   "as": "the tradition where the legitimacy cut is drawn inside one institution, between a blessed medal and a condemned charm",
   "rel": "tradition"
  }
 ]
}