{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "turkiye",
 "type": "destination",
 "names": {
  "name": "Türkiye",
  "aliases": [
   "Turkey",
   "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti",
   "Republic of Türkiye"
  ],
  "said": "In the trade Türkiye means Istanbul, and Istanbul means hair. The ministry's word for the whole business is uluslararası sağlık turizmi, international health tourism, and it is a licensing category before it is a marketing one."
 },
 "region": [
  "west-asia"
 ],
 "facets": {
  "iso2": "TR",
  "direction": "inbound",
  "currency": "TRY",
  "languages": [
   "Turkish",
   "English",
   "Arabic",
   "Russian",
   "German"
  ],
  "draws": [
   "hair-transplant-fue",
   "dhi-hair-transplant",
   "dental-implant",
   "rhinoplasty",
   "gastric-sleeve"
  ]
 },
 "text": {
  "what": "The largest inbound trade in Europe, and the only one the state licenses as its own category. A facility that treats foreign patients must hold an international health tourism authorisation certificate from the Ministry of Health, and so must the agency that books them. Hair restoration, dental work, rhinoplasty and bariatric surgery carry the volume; the packages bundle hotel, transfers and an interpreter into the price and quote in euros, sterling or dollars rather than lira.",
  "story": "The regulation arrived on 13 July 2017 in Resmî Gazete No. 30123. Article 5(1) makes the authorisation certificate compulsory for the health facility and for the intermediary, which must be a licensed A-group travel agency, and it lets the Ministry stop the activity of anyone trading without one. Article 6 requires an international health tourism unit inside the facility, headed by a doctor with at least five years in practice, with at least two staff who speak a foreign language and English among them at B2. Every patient treated under the regulation is registered in a web-based system the Ministry runs.\n\nThe counting follows from that registration. USHAŞ, the Ministry's own international health services company, publishes the series it attributes to TÜİK: 756,926 visitors in 2019, a collapse to 435,691 in 2020, then 1,381,807 in 2022, 1,538,643 in 2023, 1,506,442 in 2024 and 1,398,580 in 2025 against revenue of USD 3,022,452 thousand. Read the unit before the trend: this counts visitors who state a health purpose, so it takes in the day patient and the person who came for one consultation, and revenue divided by visitors gives roughly USD 2,160 a head for 2025 — a number that describes a dental appointment and a cardiac operation in the same breath.\n\n*Trade practice —* the hair clinics are the part of the trade that grew fastest and is watched hardest. The International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery has named Türkiye in its campaign against unlicensed operators and reports Turkish technician teams working abroad under licensed doctors; the Turkish rule that the operation is a doctor's act, and the clinic's own page telling readers that a price below EUR 1,500 is a warning sign, describe the same market from two directions.\n\n*Inference —* the one flow that runs the other way is reproductive. Turkish law restricts third-party assisted reproduction, and a 2010 regulation reached at patients who went abroad for it, so Turkish patients travel out for donor treatment while foreign patients travel in for hair and teeth. The country is a destination and a source market in different specialties, on the same flights.",
  "how": "Sold as a package with a fixed number quoted in a foreign currency: operation, hospital or clinic, hotel nights, airport and hotel transfers, an interpreter, and aftercare products. Flights, travel insurance, extra nights and anything found once the patient is on the table sit outside. Payment is usually a deposit to hold the date and the balance on arrival. The certificate the facility holds is a Ministry document rather than a voluntary accreditation, and it is separate from any JCI mark the hospital also carries.\n\nThe instrument in force is the Uluslararası Sağlık Turizmi ve Turistin Sağlığı Hakkında Yönetmelik of 26 April 2025, Resmî Gazete 32882, which at MADDE 17 repeals the 2017 regulation most writing on this subject still cites. It makes the authorisation certificate compulsory for the facility and for the intermediary — the Ministry licenses the first, USHAŞ the second — requires complication insurance for theatre procedures, requires accreditation by TÜSKA, and at MADDE 6(3) puts complications and medical malpractice expressly inside the certificate holder's responsibility. Hair transplants have a rule of their own: the Saç Ekimi Birimleri Yönetmeliği of 6 May 2023, Resmî Gazete 32182, which reserves the channel-opening stage to certified physicians, forbids more than one patient in a room at a time, and fines a breach at one to three per cent of the previous month's gross service revenue.",
  "today": "As of 16 September 2026 an Istanbul hair clinic lists sapphire FUE up to 4,000 grafts at EUR 2,550 and DHI at EUR 3,290, each with a megasession surcharge above 4,000 grafts, and an Istanbul bariatric clinic lists a gastric sleeve at EUR 2,600 all-inclusive. USHAŞ reports 563,327 visitors and USD 1.580 billion for the first half of 2026. What none of those numbers carry is the revision: the operation booked at home when something needs doing again."
 },
 "geo": {
  "lat": 39.9334,
  "lon": 32.8597,
  "precision": "country",
  "source": "s:natural-earth"
 },
 "metrics": {
  "inbound_patients_year": 1398580,
  "note": "USHAŞ's figure for 2025, attributed to TÜİK, whose own footer calls it a Departing Visitors Survey — a border exit survey of stated purpose, not a count of patients treated and not a count of people. Of that total, 250,401 were Turkish citizens resident abroad. USHAŞ puts the same year's health-tourism income at USD 3,022,452 thousand; dividing one by the other gives about USD 2,160 a visitor, which is this project's arithmetic and not a figure either body publishes.",
  "as_of": "2025",
  "source": "s:ushas-saglik-turizmi-verileri",
  "url": "https://www.ushas.gov.tr/saglik-turizmi-verileri/"
 },
 "prices": [
  {
   "procedure": "hair-transplant-fue",
   "country": "TR",
   "city": "Istanbul",
   "amount": 2550,
   "currency": "EUR",
   "as_of": "2026-09-16",
   "kind": "package",
   "includes": [
    "the procedure, up to 4,000 grafts",
    "hotel accommodation",
    "airport and hotel transfers",
    "aftercare products"
   ],
   "excludes": [
    "flights",
    "travel insurance",
    "nights beyond the package",
    "personal expenses",
    "grafts above 4,000, which add EUR 900"
   ],
   "source": "s:cosmedica-price",
   "url": "https://cosmedica.com/price/",
   "note": "Cosmedica Clinic, Istanbul, sapphire FUE. The graft cap is the line to read: the price is per package, not per graft, and a megasession to 6,000 grafts is a separate surcharge.",
   "tier": "cited",
   "usd": 2942.0,
   "usd_high": null,
   "rate_date": "Wed, 16 Sep 2026"
  },
  {
   "procedure": "dhi-hair-transplant",
   "country": "TR",
   "city": "Istanbul",
   "amount": 3290,
   "amount_high": 8000,
   "currency": "EUR",
   "as_of": "2026-09-16",
   "kind": "quoted-range",
   "includes": [
    "the procedure, up to 4,000 grafts",
    "hotel",
    "transfers",
    "aftercare products"
   ],
   "excludes": [
    "flights",
    "travel insurance",
    "extra nights",
    "grafts above 4,000"
   ],
   "source": "s:cosmedica-price",
   "url": "https://cosmedica.com/price/",
   "note": "the same clinic's two DHI tiers on one page: EUR 3,290 for micro sapphire DHI and EUR 8,000 for the tier where the named surgeon operates. Who holds the punch is a price tier here, stated as such.",
   "tier": "cited",
   "usd": 3796.0,
   "usd_high": 9230.0,
   "rate_date": "Wed, 16 Sep 2026"
  },
  {
   "procedure": "gastric-sleeve",
   "country": "TR",
   "city": "Istanbul",
   "amount": 2600,
   "currency": "EUR",
   "as_of": "2026-01",
   "kind": "package",
   "includes": [
    "surgery",
    "hospital stay",
    "hotel",
    "transfers",
    "nutritionist support",
    "aftercare"
   ],
   "excludes": [
    "flights"
   ],
   "source": "s:carely-gastric-sleeve",
   "url": "https://carelyclinic.com/gastric-sleeve-turkey/",
   "note": "Carely Clinic, Istanbul, listed at EUR 2,600 against a struck-through EUR 3,715; the page states the price is valid until April 2026 and prints the same figure in dollars and sterling for its two biggest source markets.",
   "tier": "cited",
   "usd": 3000.0,
   "usd_high": null,
   "rate_date": "Wed, 16 Sep 2026"
  }
 ],
 "kin": [
  {
   "to": "istanbul",
   "as": "Where most of the clinics, and nearly all of the hair work, actually are.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "antalya",
   "as": "The second cluster, selling the same operations beside a resort strip.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "izmir",
   "as": "A third cluster, smaller and cheaper on the same price tables.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "turkiye-health-tourism-authorisation",
   "as": "The certificate a facility here must hold before it may treat a foreign patient at all.",
   "rel": "governed-by"
  },
  {
   "to": "turkiye-health-services-directorate",
   "as": "The directorate inside the Ministry that issues and withdraws that certificate.",
   "rel": "org"
  },
  {
   "to": "hair-transplant-fue",
   "as": "The operation that made this country's name abroad, and the one its clinics price in euros.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "gastric-sleeve",
   "as": "Sold here as a fixed all-inclusive package with the hotel in the price.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "turkiye-hair-boom",
   "as": "The years the hair trade scaled, and the regulation that followed it.",
   "rel": "event"
  },
  {
   "to": "acibadem",
   "as": "The hospital group that carries the complex end of the inbound work.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "counting-patients",
   "as": "Why a figure of 1.4 million visitors is not 1.4 million operations.",
   "rel": "story"
  },
  {
   "to": "united-kingdom",
   "as": "One of the source markets its packages are priced for, in sterling.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "to": "revision-at-home",
   "as": "The bill that lands on another health system when a graft or a sleeve needs doing again.",
   "rel": "risk"
  }
 ],
 "links": [
  {
   "label": "Resmî Gazete 13 July 2017, No. 30123 — the health tourism regulation",
   "url": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/07/20170713-3.htm"
  },
  {
   "label": "USHAŞ — health tourism data by year",
   "url": "https://ushas.gov.tr/saglik-turizmi-verileri/"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  "s:rg-saglik-turizmi-2017",
  "s:ushas-saglik-turizmi-verileri",
  "s:cosmedica-price",
  "s:carely-gastric-sleeve",
  "s:ishrs-buyer-beware",
  "s:gurtin-2011-turkey",
  "s:wp-medical-tourism-turkiye",
  "s:natural-earth",
  "s:rg-32882-2025",
  "s:tuik-turizm-2025",
  "s:tuik-turizm-2026q2",
  "s:rg-32182-2023-sac-ekimi"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  "fields": {
   "text.story": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:rg-saglik-turizmi-2017",
    "note": "regulation and statistics are cited; the hair-market paragraph is marked trade practice and the reproductive paragraph is marked inference from the Gürtin citation, which this project could not read in full"
   },
   "text.how": {
    "tier": "tradition",
    "note": "the general shape of a Turkish package; the certificate requirement is cited to the regulation"
   },
   "metrics": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:ushas-saglik-turizmi-verileri"
   },
   "geo": {
    "tier": "harvested",
    "source": "s:natural-earth"
   }
  }
 },
 "x_commons_files": [
  "File:Istanbul asv2021-10 img56 Hagia Sophia.jpg"
 ],
 "needs_verification": true,
 "confidence": "high",
 "updated": "2026-09-17",
 "blurb": "The largest inbound trade in Europe, and the only one the state licenses as its own category.",
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "west-asia",
   "name": "West Asia",
   "note": "Türkiye, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, the Gulf"
  }
 ],
 "kin_out": [
  {
   "to": "istanbul",
   "type": "hub",
   "name": "Istanbul",
   "as": "Where most of the clinics, and nearly all of the hair work, actually are.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "antalya",
   "type": "hub",
   "name": "Antalya",
   "as": "The second cluster, selling the same operations beside a resort strip.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "izmir",
   "type": "hub",
   "name": "İzmir",
   "as": "A third cluster, smaller and cheaper on the same price tables.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "turkiye-health-tourism-authorisation",
   "type": "rule",
   "name": "Türkiye's international health tourism authorisation certificate",
   "as": "The certificate a facility here must hold before it may treat a foreign patient at all.",
   "rel": "governed-by"
  },
  {
   "to": "turkiye-health-services-directorate",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "Türkiye General Directorate of Health Services",
   "as": "The directorate inside the Ministry that issues and withdraws that certificate.",
   "rel": "org"
  },
  {
   "to": "hair-transplant-fue",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Follicular unit extraction",
   "as": "The operation that made this country's name abroad, and the one its clinics price in euros.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "gastric-sleeve",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Sleeve gastrectomy",
   "as": "Sold here as a fixed all-inclusive package with the hotel in the price.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "turkiye-hair-boom",
   "type": "event",
   "name": "Türkiye's hair transplant boom",
   "as": "The years the hair trade scaled, and the regulation that followed it.",
   "rel": "event"
  },
  {
   "to": "acibadem",
   "type": "facility",
   "name": "Acıbadem Healthcare Group",
   "as": "The hospital group that carries the complex end of the inbound work.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "to": "counting-patients",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Counting patients",
   "as": "Why a figure of 1.4 million visitors is not 1.4 million operations.",
   "rel": "story"
  },
  {
   "to": "united-kingdom",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "United Kingdom",
   "as": "One of the source markets its packages are priced for, in sterling.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "to": "revision-at-home",
   "type": "risk",
   "name": "Revision at home",
   "as": "The bill that lands on another health system when a graft or a sleeve needs doing again.",
   "rel": "risk"
  }
 ],
 "source_list": [
  {
   "id": "s:rg-saglik-turizmi-2017",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "Uluslararası Sağlık Turizmi ve Turistin Sağlığı Hakkında Yönetmelik",
   "publisher": "Resmî Gazete, Republic of Türkiye (Ministry of Health)",
   "url": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/07/20170713-3.htm",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "Resmî Gazete 13 July 2017, No. 30123. Read in Turkish off the Resmî Gazete page. Article 5(1) makes an international health tourism authorisation certificate (yetki belgesi) compulsory for both the health facility and the intermediary; the Ministry halts the activity of anyone without one. Transitional Article 1 gave those already trading one year to comply. Article 16: in force on publication. REPEALED: MADDE 17 of the regulation of 26 April 2025 (Resmî Gazete 32882) revokes this one. Cite it for what the regime was, not for what it is."
  },
  {
   "id": "s:ushas-saglik-turizmi-verileri",
   "kind": "gov",
   "title": "Sağlık Turizmi Verileri (health tourism data by year)",
   "publisher": "USHAŞ — Uluslararası Sağlık Hizmetleri A.Ş., the Turkish Ministry of Health's international health services company",
   "url": "https://ushas.gov.tr/saglik-turizmi-verileri/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "USHAŞ publishes the series it attributes to TÜİK, the Turkish statistical institute: visitors and revenue by year — 2019 756,926 and USD 1.459bn; 2020 435,691; 2021 729,592; 2022 1,381,807; 2023 1,538,643; 2024 1,506,442; 2025 1,398,580 and USD 3,022,452 thousand; first half of 2026 563,327 and USD 1.580bn. The unit is a visitor arriving with a health purpose, not an operation."
  },
  {
   "id": "s:cosmedica-price",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "Hair Transplant Turkey Cost — 2026 price and package breakdown",
   "publisher": "Cosmedica Clinic (Dr Levent Acar), Istanbul",
   "url": "https://cosmedica.com/price/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "package prices read off the clinic's own page on 16 September 2026: FUE Sapphire from EUR 2,550 up to 4,000 grafts (+EUR 900 for a megasession up to 6,000), Micro Sapphire DHI from EUR 3,290 (+EUR 700), VIP DHI Sapphire with Dr Acar operating from EUR 8,000 (+EUR 2,000). The page states the package covers the procedure, hotel, airport and hotel transfers and aftercare products, and excludes flights, travel insurance, extra nights and personal expenses; it also tells readers that prices below EUR 1,500 are a warning sign."
  },
  {
   "id": "s:carely-gastric-sleeve",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "Gastric sleeve Turkey — all-inclusive package",
   "publisher": "Carely Clinic, Istanbul",
   "url": "https://carelyclinic.com/gastric-sleeve-turkey/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "page last updated January 2026, price stated valid until April 2026"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:ishrs-buyer-beware",
   "kind": "org",
   "title": "Buyer Beware: Medical Tourism for Hair Transplants Can Have Costly Consequences",
   "publisher": "International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery",
   "url": "https://ishrs.org/buyer-beware-medical-tourism-for-hair-transplants-can-have-costly-consequences/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "release dated 18 May 2016; names Turkey, and reports of Turkish technician groups operating in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium under licensed doctors"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:gurtin-2011-turkey",
   "kind": "paper",
   "title": "Banning reproductive travel: Turkey's ART legislation and third-party assisted reproduction",
   "publisher": "Reproductive BioMedicine Online (Gurtin ZB)",
   "url": "https://www.rbmojournal.com/article/S1472-6483(11)00470-6/fulltext",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "citation and the 2010 regulation's extraterritorial clause verified from the journal's own article listing; the full text returned HTTP 403 and was not read. Treated as needing verification wherever it is relied on."
  },
  {
   "id": "s:wp-medical-tourism-turkiye",
   "kind": "wikipedia",
   "title": "Medical tourism in Turkey",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_tourism_in_Turkey",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "records the 13 July 2017 regulation coming into force and a first-half-2018 figure of nearly 178,000 inbound patients split 67% private, 24% public and 9% university — a count of arrivals stating a health purpose, not of operations"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:natural-earth",
   "kind": "dataset",
   "title": "Natural Earth — Admin 0 Countries, 1:110m",
   "publisher": "Natural Earth",
   "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:rg-32882-2025",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "Uluslararası Sağlık Turizmi ve Turistin Sağlığı Hakkında Yönetmelik, Resmî Gazete 26 Nisan 2025, Sayı 32882",
   "publisher": "T.C. Resmî Gazete",
   "year": 2025,
   "url": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/04/20250426-2.htm",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "note": "MADDE 17 repeals the 13/7/2017 regulation (RG 30123) that most secondary writing still cites"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:tuik-turizm-2025",
   "kind": "dataset",
   "title": "Turizm İstatistikleri, IV. Çeyrek: Ekim-Aralık ve Yıllık, 2025 (Sayı 54158) — table: Departing Visitors by Purpose of Visit, 2012–2026",
   "publisher": "Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TurkStat)",
   "year": 2026,
   "url": "https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turizm-Istatistikleri-IV.-Ceyrek:-Ekim-Aralik-ve-Yillik,-2025-54158",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "note": "the health figure appears only in the attached statistical table, not in the bulletin text; its own footer names the source as the TurkStat Departing Visitors Survey — a border exit survey of stated purpose, not a count of patients treated"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:tuik-turizm-2026q2",
   "kind": "dataset",
   "title": "Turizm İstatistikleri, II. Çeyrek: Nisan-Haziran, 2026 (Sayı 58143)",
   "publisher": "Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TurkStat)",
   "year": 2026,
   "url": "https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/tr/press/58143",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:rg-32182-2023-sac-ekimi",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "Saç Ekimi Birimleri Hakkında Yönetmelik, Resmî Gazete 6 Mayıs 2023, Sayı 32182",
   "publisher": "T.C. Resmî Gazete",
   "year": 2023,
   "url": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/05/20230506-11.htm",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17"
  }
 ],
 "tiers": {
  "text.what": {
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  "text.story": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:rg-saglik-turizmi-2017",
   "note": "regulation and statistics are cited; the hair-market paragraph is marked trade practice and the reproductive paragraph is marked inference from the Gürtin citation, which this project could not read in full"
  },
  "text.how": {
   "tier": "tradition",
   "note": "the general shape of a Turkish package; the certificate requirement is cited to the regulation"
  },
  "text.today": {
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  "geo": {
   "tier": "harvested",
   "source": "s:natural-earth"
  },
  "prices": {
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  "metrics": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:ushas-saglik-turizmi-verileri"
  }
 },
 "primary_image": null,
 "tag_facts": [],
 "recognition_facts": [],
 "acclaim": 0,
 "kin_in": [
  {
   "from": "australia",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "Australia",
   "as": "Where most of the complications presenting at Westmead had been operated on.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "georgia",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "Georgia",
   "as": "The larger neighbour it undercuts, and the one most of its own outbound patients fly to.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "from": "iran",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "Iran",
   "as": "The neighbour competing for the same patients, and the place Iranians themselves travel to.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "from": "morocco",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "Morocco",
   "as": "Where the European hair and cosmetic trade mostly went instead.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "from": "north-cyprus",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "Northern Cyprus",
   "as": "The state whose flights, currency and medical profession the north runs on.",
   "rel": "kin"
  },
  {
   "from": "tunisia",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "Tunisia",
   "as": "The competitor that took the European cosmetic trade this country built first.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "from": "united-kingdom",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "United Kingdom",
   "as": "Where most British outbound hair, dental and bariatric traffic goes, priced in sterling.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "from": "antalya",
   "type": "hub",
   "name": "Antalya",
   "as": "The country whose authorisation regime this cluster trades under.",
   "rel": "whole"
  },
  {
   "from": "istanbul",
   "type": "hub",
   "name": "Istanbul",
   "as": "The country whose licence this cluster trades under.",
   "rel": "whole"
  },
  {
   "from": "izmir",
   "type": "hub",
   "name": "İzmir",
   "as": "The country whose authorisation regime this cluster trades under.",
   "rel": "whole"
  },
  {
   "from": "bbl",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Gluteal fat grafting",
   "as": "A destination where the operation is sold in packages alongside hair surgery.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "bone-marrow-transplant",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Bone marrow transplant",
   "as": "Runs transplant units that treat foreign patients, and publishes a licensing regime for them.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "cochlear-implant",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Cochlear implant",
   "as": "Implants at scale under a licensing regime for foreign patients.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "dhi-hair-transplant",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Direct hair implantation (DHI)",
   "as": "The destination that sells both at a package price.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "dialysis-holiday",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Dialysis away from home",
   "as": "Where an agency quotes sessions by resort, sometimes with the transfer inside the number.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "gastric-sleeve",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Sleeve gastrectomy",
   "as": "Where the cheapest published packages for this operation are sold, hotel and transfers included.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "hair-transplant-fue",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Follicular unit extraction",
   "as": "The destination whose hair trade is the largest single procedure market in cross-border care.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "rhinoplasty",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Rhinoplasty",
   "as": "Where nose surgery sits in the same package economy that built the hair clinics.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "acibadem",
   "type": "facility",
   "name": "Acıbadem Healthcare Group",
   "as": "The largest private hospital group in the country by hospital count, and the one a foreign enquiry most often lands on first.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "anadolu-medical-center",
   "type": "facility",
   "name": "Anadolu Medical Center",
   "as": "The country's cancer hospital with the oldest American affiliation, contracted in 2002 before the building opened.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "liv-hospital",
   "type": "facility",
   "name": "Liv Hospital",
   "as": "The Turkish group that prints its screening prices where the others print a contact form.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "medicana",
   "type": "facility",
   "name": "Medicana Health Group",
   "as": "One of the four private groups a foreign enquiry to Türkiye is routed through.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "memorial-sisli",
   "type": "facility",
   "name": "Memorial Şişli Hospital",
   "as": "The first Turkish hospital to hold JCI accreditation, which is the date Turkish private medicine abroad is usually counted from.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "bbl-mortality",
   "type": "risk",
   "name": "Death from gluteal fat grafting",
   "as": "Named as the country of surgery in most of the UK readmission series.",
   "rel": "place"
  },
  {
   "from": "revision-at-home",
   "type": "risk",
   "name": "Revision at home",
   "as": "Named as the country of the first operation in most of the UK series.",
   "rel": "place"
  },
  {
   "from": "advertising-rules",
   "type": "rule",
   "name": "What a clinic may say",
   "as": "The state that permits abroad what it forbids at home.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "gender-affirming-care-access",
   "type": "rule",
   "name": "Access to gender-affirming care",
   "as": "A destination whose Civil Code gates the surgery through a court.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "turkiye-health-tourism-authorisation",
   "type": "rule",
   "name": "Türkiye's international health tourism authorisation certificate",
   "as": "The country whose regime this is.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "isaps",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery",
   "as": "One of the 32 locations reported individually for 2024.",
   "rel": "place"
  },
  {
   "from": "ishrs",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery",
   "as": "The country its 2016 release named, and the one that later wrote the same prohibitions into a regulation.",
   "rel": "place"
  },
  {
   "from": "turkiye-health-services-directorate",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "Türkiye General Directorate of Health Services",
   "as": "The country whose international patient trade it licenses, facility by facility.",
   "rel": "place"
  },
  {
   "from": "covid-shutdown-2020",
   "type": "event",
   "name": "The 2020 shutdown",
   "as": "435,691 visitors gave health as their purpose in 2020, against 756,926 in 2019 — and 1,381,807 by 2022.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "turkiye-hair-boom",
   "type": "event",
   "name": "Türkiye's hair transplant boom",
   "as": "The country page, where the official series and the licensing regime are set out.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "health-tourism",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "Health tourism",
   "as": "The state that made this category its unit of regulation.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "counting-patients",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Counting patients",
   "as": "The border exit survey of stated purpose, 250,401 of it citizens resident abroad.",
   "rel": "destination"
  },
  {
   "from": "the-follow-up-nobody-books",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The follow-up nobody books",
   "as": "Named as the country of the first operation in most of the UK and Australian series.",
   "rel": "destination"
  }
 ]
}