{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "barcelona",
 "type": "hub",
 "names": {
  "name": "Barcelona",
  "aliases": [
   "Barna"
  ],
  "said": "Fertility clinics here say programme and cite a donor pool; patients arriving from countries with donor registers say Spain and mean anonymity."
 },
 "region": [
  "europe-south"
 ],
 "facets": {
  "iso2": "ES",
  "radius_km": 15,
  "specialty": [
   "fertility",
   "reproductive medicine",
   "oncology",
   "orthopaedics",
   "cosmetic surgery"
  ],
  "draws": [
   "ivf",
   "egg-donation",
   "icsi",
   "egg-freezing",
   "pgt"
  ],
  "languages": [
   "Catalan",
   "Spanish",
   "English",
   "French",
   "Italian"
  ]
 },
 "text": {
  "what": "A city of 1,686,208 people in ten districts, with the private fertility clinics that draw foreign patients spread through Eixample and Sarrià-Sant Gervasi, and the large teaching hospitals — the Clínic in Eixample, Sant Pau above it, Vall d'Hebron on the northern edge — holding the complex work. Barcelona's export is reproductive medicine, and the country it sits in reports more treatment cycles than any European state except Russia.",
  "story": "The figure to stand on is a registry return. The European IVF-monitoring Consortium of ESHRE, reporting 2019, recorded 137,276 cycles in Spain from 244 IVF clinics — second in Europe behind Russia's 161,166, out of 1,077,813 cycles collected from 40 countries — and named Spain first among the countries reporting the highest egg-donation volumes.\n\n*Inference —* those are national figures, and Barcelona is one of two Spanish cities that carry most of them. What the national ranking does say, plainly, is that the volume is not generated by Spanish residents alone: it is bought by patients flying in, which is the definition of the trade this directory describes.\n\n*Trade practice —* what they fly for is supply and a rule. Spanish clinics advertise a matched donor within weeks rather than a wait of years, and donation here is anonymous — which is the attraction for some patients and the objection for others, since a child born of it cannot later identify the donor. The instrument that settles that, and its date, belongs on the donor anonymity record rather than here.\n\nAn insured EU patient has a reimbursement route under Directive 2011/24/EU at the home tariff. For fertility treatment that route is narrow, because a treatment a home system does not fund at all is not reimbursed by it.",
  "how": "*Trade practice —* the Barcelona programme starts remotely: records and hormone results sent ahead, a video consultation, a quoted programme price in euros. The donor is matched by the clinic and never met. The patient is in the city for the transfer and for a few days around it, and for the retrieval where her own eggs are used. Medication, freezing, storage and the second attempt are quoted separately, and the second attempt is the line that moves a budget most.",
  "today": "As of 16 September 2026 this record carries no price row for Barcelona: the clinic programme prices read for this batch were quoted without a date on the page, and a price without its date is not a price.",
  "notes": "Fifteen kilometres from the city point covers all ten districts and reaches Vall d'Hebron and the Besòs edge."
 },
 "geo": {
  "lat": 41.3833,
  "lon": 2.1833,
  "precision": "city",
  "source": "s:wp-barcelona"
 },
 "address": {
  "city": "Barcelona",
  "area": "Catalonia",
  "country": "ES"
 },
 "kin": [
  {
   "to": "spain",
   "as": "The country whose registry volume this city carries a large share of.",
   "rel": "whole"
  },
  {
   "to": "egg-donation",
   "as": "The treatment this city is flown to for, and the one Spain reports the most of in Europe.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "ivf",
   "as": "The cycle every programme quoted here is built around.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "egg-freezing",
   "as": "The other reason a patient books a retrieval here rather than at home.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "prague",
   "as": "The other European donation centre, reporting the next largest volumes.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "to": "donor-anonymity-law",
   "as": "The rule that brings some patients here and keeps others away.",
   "rel": "governed-by"
  },
  {
   "to": "reproductive-exile",
   "as": "The word for the journey most of this city's fertility traffic is making.",
   "rel": "term"
  },
  {
   "to": "eshre",
   "as": "The society whose registry return is the count this record stands on.",
   "rel": "measured-by"
  },
  {
   "to": "eu-directive-2011-24",
   "as": "A reimbursement route that is narrow here, because a home system that funds nothing reimburses nothing.",
   "rel": "governed-by"
  },
  {
   "to": "counting-patients",
   "as": "Why a national cycle count is not a count of people who travelled.",
   "rel": "story"
  }
 ],
 "links": [
  {
   "label": "ART in Europe, 2019 (ESHRE EIM)",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10694409/"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  "s:wp-barcelona",
  "s:eshre-eim-2019",
  "s:eu-directive-2011-24",
  "s:osm"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  "fields": {
   "text.what": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:wp-barcelona",
    "note": "the district names and population are cited; which hospitals sit in which district is general knowledge of the city and not read off a page for this record"
   },
   "text.story": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:eshre-eim-2019",
    "note": "paragraphs two and three are marked inline as inference and trade practice"
   },
   "text.how": {
    "tier": "tradition"
   },
   "geo": {
    "tier": "cited",
    "source": "s:wp-barcelona"
   },
   "facets.radius_km": {
    "tier": "inference"
   }
  }
 },
 "x_commons_files": [
  "File:Hospital de Sant Pau Barcelona.jpg",
  "File:Eixample Barcelona aerial.jpg"
 ],
 "needs_verification": true,
 "confidence": "medium",
 "updated": "2026-09-16",
 "blurb": "A city of 1,686,208 people in ten districts, with the private fertility clinics that draw foreign patients spread through Eixample and Sarrià-Sant Gervasi, and the large teaching hospitals — the Clínic in Eixample, Sant…",
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "europe-south",
   "name": "Southern Europe",
   "note": "Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Malta"
  }
 ],
 "kin_out": [
  {
   "to": "spain",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "Spain",
   "as": "The country whose registry volume this city carries a large share of.",
   "rel": "whole"
  },
  {
   "to": "egg-donation",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Egg donation",
   "as": "The treatment this city is flown to for, and the one Spain reports the most of in Europe.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "ivf",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "In vitro fertilisation",
   "as": "The cycle every programme quoted here is built around.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "egg-freezing",
   "type": "procedure",
   "name": "Egg freezing",
   "as": "The other reason a patient books a retrieval here rather than at home.",
   "rel": "procedure"
  },
  {
   "to": "prague",
   "type": "hub",
   "name": "Prague",
   "as": "The other European donation centre, reporting the next largest volumes.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "to": "donor-anonymity-law",
   "type": "rule",
   "name": "Donor anonymity",
   "as": "The rule that brings some patients here and keeps others away.",
   "rel": "governed-by"
  },
  {
   "to": "reproductive-exile",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "Reproductive exile",
   "as": "The word for the journey most of this city's fertility traffic is making.",
   "rel": "term"
  },
  {
   "to": "eshre",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology",
   "as": "The society whose registry return is the count this record stands on.",
   "rel": "measured-by"
  },
  {
   "to": "eu-directive-2011-24",
   "type": "rule",
   "name": "Directive 2011/24/EU on patients' rights in cross-border healthcare",
   "as": "A reimbursement route that is narrow here, because a home system that funds nothing reimburses nothing.",
   "rel": "governed-by"
  },
  {
   "to": "counting-patients",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Counting patients",
   "as": "Why a national cycle count is not a count of people who travelled.",
   "rel": "story"
  }
 ],
 "source_list": [
  {
   "id": "s:wp-barcelona",
   "kind": "wikipedia",
   "title": "Barcelona",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "coordinates, population 1,686,208 (2024), the ten districts including Eixample, Ciutat Vella, Gràcia and Sarrià-Sant Gervasi; describes the city as the main biotech hub in Spain"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:eshre-eim-2019",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "ART in Europe, 2019: results generated from European registries by ESHRE",
   "publisher": "Human Reproduction (Oxford University Press) for the European IVF-monitoring Consortium of ESHRE",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10694409/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "Smeenk J, Wyns C, De Geyter C, et al., Human Reproduction 2023;38(12):2321–2338, doi:10.1093/humrep/dead197. Registry returns, not a market estimate: 1,077,813 cycles from 1,488 clinics in 40 countries for 2019. Spain reported 137,276 cycles, second in Europe after Russia, from 244 IVF clinics; the highest egg-donation volumes came from Spain, Czechia and Russia."
  },
  {
   "id": "s:eu-directive-2011-24",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare",
   "publisher": "Official Journal of the European Union",
   "year": 2011,
   "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0024",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:osm",
   "kind": "dataset",
   "title": "OpenStreetMap",
   "publisher": "OpenStreetMap contributors",
   "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/",
   "license": "ODbL 1.0",
   "license_url": "https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "note": "hospital, clinic and dental points around each hub, fetched by tools/harvest_osm.py"
  }
 ],
 "tiers": {
  "text.what": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-barcelona",
   "note": "the district names and population are cited; which hospitals sit in which district is general knowledge of the city and not read off a page for this record"
  },
  "text.story": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:eshre-eim-2019",
   "note": "paragraphs two and three are marked inline as inference and trade practice"
  },
  "text.how": {
   "tier": "tradition"
  },
  "text.today": {
   "tier": "cited"
  },
  "geo": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-barcelona"
  },
  "address": {
   "tier": "cited"
  }
 },
 "primary_image": null,
 "tag_facts": [],
 "recognition_facts": [],
 "acclaim": 0,
 "kin_in": [
  {
   "from": "spain",
   "type": "destination",
   "name": "Spain",
   "as": "The city with the densest concentration of the clinics counted here.",
   "rel": "part"
  },
  {
   "from": "prague",
   "type": "hub",
   "name": "Prague",
   "as": "The other European donation centre, reporting larger volumes still.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  }
 ]
}