# Care Abroad

> A structured directory of treatment across borders: destination countries, city clusters, procedures, hospitals, published prices with their dates and inclusion lists, the rules that make a treatment lawful or not for a visitor, the risks, the vocabulary, and the datasets behind every chart. One JSON record per node; each field carries a provenance tier (cited / harvested / tradition / inference / field); records say what their neighbours are to them in both directions.

Records are CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Country outlines Natural Earth, public domain. Health indicators World Bank Open Data, CC BY 4.0. Hospital points OpenStreetMap, ODbL 1.0 (share-alike). Scope and gaps: https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/coverage.json

Nothing here is medical or legal advice.

## Data
- [All records, JSON](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/nodes.json)
- [Directory index, JSON](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/index.json)
- [Countries: records, indicators, prices, accreditations](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/countries.json)
- [Every published price](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/prices.json)
- [The legality grid](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/legality.json)
- [Hospitals, written up + OpenStreetMap](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/facilities.json)
- [Kin edges](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/kin.json)
- [JSONL](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/nodes.jsonl) · [CSV](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/nodes.csv)
- [Record schema](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/schema/node.schema.json)
- [Sources registry](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/api/sources.json)
- [Full text of every record](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/llms-full.txt)

## Countries
- [Argentina](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/argentina/): A regional cosmetic and dental destination with a deep specialist base and a currency that has moved faster than its price lists. Buenos Aires carries almost all of it.
- [Australia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/australia/): A country people leave for dental and cosmetic work and almost never arrive at for either.
- [Belgium](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/belgium/): The classic European cross-border case: a small country with spare hospital capacity, short waits and three land borders, which has been treating its neighbours' patients since long before the EU wrote a directive about…
- [Brazil](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/brazil/): The country that performs more cosmetic surgery than any other and exports very little of it.
- [Canada](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/canada/): One of the two largest source markets in the world, and the one whose patients leave for a date rather than a discount.
- [China](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/china/): Two flows at once. Chinese patients are among the largest groups of foreign patients recorded in South Korea and Japan; inside China, a designated zone at Boao Lecheng on Hainan is allowed to use medicines and devices…
- [Colombia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/colombia/): The South American country whose surgeons report the highest share of foreign patients anywhere in the ISAPS survey.
- [Costa Rica](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/costa-rica/): The Central American destination that organised itself earliest.
- [Croatia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/croatia/): A border dental trade with a coastline attached. Croatian practices in Istria and around Rijeka are within a short drive of northern Italy, Slovenia and Austria, and they price and advertise for those markets; the…
- [Cuba](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/cuba/): The one destination in this directory where the seller is the state.
- [Cyprus](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/cyprus/): An EU island whose fertility clinics work under a single national statute and a council that licenses them.
- [Czechia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/czechia/): Europe's second workshop for donor-egg treatment, and a border country whose clinics are the destination for more authorised cross-border patients than anywhere else in the EU.
- [Dominican Republic](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/dominican-republic/): A Caribbean cosmetic surgery destination, two to four hours from the US east coast, selling body contouring largely to women travelling from the United States.
- [Egypt](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/egypt/): The Arab world's largest country selling private care to visitors, mostly cosmetic, dental, hair and eye work, to buyers from the Gulf, Libya, Sudan and Europe.
- [Georgia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/georgia/): A small, almost entirely privatised health system on the edge of Europe, selling to patients from the Caucasus, the Russian-speaking world and the Gulf.
- [Germany](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/germany/): An inbound destination for complex care and an outbound one for everything cheap.
- [Greece](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/greece/): A fertility destination with a court in the middle of it. Greek clinics run donor-egg and IVF programmes for patients from Britain, Italy, Germany and the Balkans; Greek surrogacy is distinctive in Europe because a…
- [Hungary](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/hungary/): The oldest dental corridor in Europe, built on a border. Austrian patients crossed to Sopron for crowns and implants before Hungary joined the EU; Budapest practices now draw from further away and sell whole treatment…
- [India](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/india/): The inbound flow an immigration desk counts. India issues a medical visa and an attendant visa, and the arrival is recorded by purpose, so the figure a reader gets is an arrivals count rather than a hospital's estimate…
- [Indonesia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/indonesia/): The largest source market in Southeast Asia, and the country whose departing patients built its neighbours' hospitals.
- [Iran](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/iran/): A large regional destination that operates outside the international payment system.
- [Ireland](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/ireland/): A country that mostly sends patients out and takes very few in.
- [Israel](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/israel/): A small inbound trade run largely inside public hospitals, regulated since 2019 by a statute that exists to stop foreign patients from displacing Israeli ones.
- [Japan](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/japan/): A country with a Medical Stay visa, a national programme to receive foreign patients, and no published count of how many arrive for treatment.
- [Jordan](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/jordan/): The Arab world's long-standing destination for patients from its own region.
- [Kenya](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/kenya/): A source market. Kenyans with money or with an employer scheme fly to India for cancer treatment, cardiac surgery, transplants and neurosurgery; Kenyans without either do not go.
- [Lithuania](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/lithuania/): The smallest of the European dental and cosmetic corridors, and the one that grew on emigration.
- [Malaysia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/malaysia/): A destination built on one neighbour. Malaysia's healthcare-travel figures are published by a council inside the Ministry of Health, and the patients behind them are mostly Indonesian, mostly arriving through Penang and…
- [Mexico](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/mexico/): The country most US residents cross into for care, and the only destination on this site reachable on foot.
- [Morocco](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/morocco/): A francophone cosmetic and dental destination that sells to France, to the Moroccan diaspora in Europe and to Gulf visitors, from specialised private clinics in five cities.
- [Nepal](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/nepal/): A source market with one dominant destination and a published reason for going that is not the one the field assumes.
- [Nigeria](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/nigeria/): Africa's largest source market by reputation and the one where the size of the outflow is least settled.
- [Northern Cyprus](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/north-cyprus/): A fertility destination whose whole proposition is a legal line on a small island.
- [Panama](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/panama/): The smallest of the three Latin American clusters this site carries, and the one with the fewest surgeons.
- [Philippines](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/philippines/): A country that exports clinicians and has never managed to import many patients.
- [Poland](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/poland/): A dental and cosmetic destination whose first customers were its own emigrants.
- [Portugal](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/portugal/): A country whose fertility market was rewritten by its own Constitutional Court.
- [Romania](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/romania/): A two-way country. Romanian dental groups in Bucharest, Cluj and Timișoara sell implant and full-arch work to Romanians living in Italy, Spain, Germany and Britain, and to their neighbours; at the same time Romanians…
- [Saudi Arabia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/saudi-arabia/): A state that pays for its own citizens to be treated abroad through a committee route, and is at the same time rebuilding its hospital sector under a named national programme with the stated intention of keeping that…
- [Singapore](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/singapore/): A city-state that counted its medical travellers, found the count did not survive inspection, and has not published a comparable one since.
- [South Africa](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/south-africa/): Sub-Saharan Africa's referral hospital and Europe's rand-priced cosmetic destination at the same time.
- [South Korea](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/south-korea/): The fastest-moving inbound flow in Asia, and one of the few a state counts on a published series.
- [Spain](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/spain/): The largest fertility destination in Europe, measured by its own national registry rather than by anyone's market estimate.
- [Sri Lanka](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/sri-lanka/): A country with free public healthcare, strong population health for its income, and a short list of things it cannot do at home.
- [Switzerland](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/switzerland/): The expensive end of the European market. Swiss private clinics and university hospitals sell complex care, screening and residential addiction treatment to foreign self-payers at Swiss prices, and Switzerland sends…
- [Taiwan](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/taiwan/): A single-payer system with an international side bolted on. National Health Insurance covers residents, hospitals run international medical centres for everyone else, and the state has promoted the sector since the late…
- [Thailand](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/thailand/): The country that made the package price ordinary. A tier of large private hospitals in Bangkok sells fixed-price operations to foreign patients, publishes what they cost, and has done so for long enough that the format…
- [Tunisia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/tunisia/): North Africa's largest inbound care trade, run out of about a hundred specialised private clinics and sold in French.
- [Türkiye](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/turkiye/): The largest inbound trade in Europe, and the only one the state licenses as its own category.
- [United Arab Emirates](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/uae/): A federation of seven emirates that buys care abroad for its own citizens and sells care to visitors at the same time.
- [United Kingdom](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/united-kingdom/): A net exporter of patients with a small, profitable import trade.
- [United States](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/united-states/): The largest source market in the world and a major destination in the same breath.
- [Vietnam](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/country/vietnam/): A country that sends more money out for treatment than it takes in, and that is building a dental and cosmetic trade in Ho Chi Minh City on the difference.

## Cities
- [Amman](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/amman/): A capital of some five million people as of 2024, whose private hospitals sit in the modern western half of the city — the economic side, against the historic east — with the King Hussein Cancer Center on Queen Rania…
- [Antalya](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/antalya/): A Turkish Mediterranean city of 2,722,103 people in its metropolitan area, whose private clinics sit in the central Muratpaşa district and along the hotel strip at Lara, a short transfer from an airport that in 2020…
- [Bangkok](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/bangkok/): The private-hospital quarter of Bangkok runs along two corridors about four kilometres apart.
- [Barcelona](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/barcelona/): A city of 1,686,208 people in ten districts, with the private fertility clinics that draw foreign patients spread through Eixample and Sarrià-Sant Gervasi, and the large teaching hospitals — the Clínic in Eixample, Sant…
- [Bengaluru](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/bengaluru/): Two poles, about twenty kilometres apart. Narayana Health City stands on Hosur Road at Bommasandra, on the far southern edge of the city beyond the Electronics City corridor, where Devi Prasad Shetty put a 280-bed…
- [Bogotá](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/bogota/): Colombia's capital and largest city, the country's medical as well as political centre, sitting at 2,640 metres on the Bogotá savanna.
- [Budapest](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/budapest/): A capital of 1,685,209 people split by the Danube into hilly Buda and flat Pest, administered in 23 districts written in Roman numerals.
- [Cairo](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/cairo/): A city of about 9.8 million in 2023 inside a metropolitan area of more than 22 million, with the clinics that take foreign patients spread across the twentieth-century districts — Garden City, Zamalek, Heliopolis and…
- [Cancún](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/cancun/): The largest city in Quintana Roo, on the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, built in the 1970s as a resort and now carrying a second trade: dentistry and cosmetic surgery sold to people who were flying here…
- [Chennai](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/chennai/): The Chennai cluster runs west from Greams Road in Thousand Lights, where Apollo's first hospital opened in 1983, out along Anna Salai and then to the hospitals on the city's western edge — Sri Ramachandra at Porur, MIOT…
- [Chiang Mai](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/chiang-mai/): Thailand's second cluster, and the one that sells the long stay rather than the flight in and out.
- [Colombo](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/colombo/): Sri Lanka's private hospitals sit almost entirely in Colombo and its suburbs, and several of them cluster in Narahenpita — Asiri, Asiri Surgical, Oasis and Ninewells among them.
- [Delhi NCR](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/delhi-ncr/): Not a district but a triangle, roughly forty kilometres on a side.
- [Dubai](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/dubai/): A designated healthcare free zone with its own regulator, and a city of clinics around it.
- [Havana](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/havana/): Cuba's capital, about two million people, and the only hub in this directory where every hospital and clinic is state-owned.
- [Istanbul](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/istanbul/): A clinic belt on the European side of Istanbul, thickest in Şişli — ten square kilometres holding 276,528 residents and the quarters of Nişantaşı, Teşvikiye, Pangaltı and Mecidiyeköy — and running north through Levent…
- [İzmir](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/izmir/): An Aegean city of 2,938,292 people, whose clinics cluster in the old centre at Konak and in Bornova, where Ege University sits, with a thermal strand 8 km west at Balçova.
- [Johannesburg](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/johannesburg/): A city of 4,803,262 at the 2022 census, whose private hospital sector is concentrated in the northern suburbs — Sandton, which the city calls Africa's richest square mile, Rosebank beside it, and Parktown and Houghton…
- [Kuala Lumpur](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/kuala-lumpur/): The Klang Valley cluster is spread across two states. Gleneagles Kuala Lumpur stands on Jalan Ampang at Ampang Hilir, on the eastern edge of the city; Prince Court Medical Centre sits off Jalan Bukit Bintang beside the…
- [Los Algodones](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/los-algodones/): A town of a few square blocks in the north-east corner of Baja California, pressed against the Colorado River and the Arizona line, where several hundred dental surgeries, opticians and pharmacies trade almost entirely…
- [Medellín](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/medellin/): Colombia's second city, 2.4 million people at the 2018 census in the Aburrá Valley, and the country's cosmetic surgery capital.
- [Monterrey](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/monterrey/): The capital of Nuevo León, a few hours' drive south of the Texas border, anchoring Mexico's second-largest metropolitan area at some 5.3 million people and a city its Wikipedia article calls the richest in Latin…
- [Mumbai](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/mumbai/): Mumbai's medicine runs north to south along the island city. Tata Memorial Hospital stands in Parel, where it has been since 1941, and is the reason people travel to this city at all; Hinduja is at Mahim and Lilavati at…
- [Nicosia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/nicosia/): A capital of 111,797 in its municipality and 256,119 across its urban area, cut through the middle by the United Nations buffer zone — the Green Line, named for the colour of the pen a UN officer drew it with.
- [Nuevo Progreso](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/nuevo-progreso/): A town in Río Bravo Municipality, Tamaulipas, at the Mexican end of a road bridge over the Rio Grande.
- [Panama City](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/panama-city/): Panama's capital and, for this subject, the whole of the country: 410,354 people in the city proper at the 2023 census, 2,100,189 in the metropolitan area, a US-dollar economy and a hub airport at Tocumen.
- [Penang](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/penang/): The tightest cluster in this batch. Island Hospital stands at 308 Jalan Macalister in central George Town, a 600-bed hospital opened in 1996 and building toward a thousand; Gleneagles Penang is 600 metres north-west at…
- [Phuket](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/phuket/): A small cluster on the eastern side of Phuket island, in and just outside Phuket Town.
- [Prague](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/prague/): A capital of 1,407,084 people at the start of 2026, administered in 10 municipal and 22 administrative districts, with the fertility clinics that draw foreign patients spread across the inner districts — Vinohrady…
- [San José, Costa Rica](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/san-jose-cr/): Costa Rica's capital, in the Central Valley, with a municipal population of about 352,000 and a metropolitan area of more than two million.
- [Santo Domingo](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/santo-domingo/): The capital of the Dominican Republic, founded 1496 and the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas, with just over a million people in the city centre and 4.27 million in Greater Santo Domingo…
- [Seoul](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/seoul/): The cosmetic trade occupies a few blocks of Gangnam-gu south of the Han river: Apgujeong-ro and the Garosu-gil end of Sinsa-dong, running east through Cheongdam, with the Gangnam-gu Office's own medical-travel desk on…
- [Singapore](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/singapore-city/): Two clusters, four minutes apart on the subway. The Orchard belt holds Mount Elizabeth Hospital at 3 Mount Elizabeth in Cairnhill, 345 beds, open since 8 December 1979, and Gleneagles Hospital at 6 Napier Road in…
- [Sopron](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/sopron/): A Hungarian border town of 62,116 people, 70 km from Vienna and 77 km from Bratislava, whose economy carries an unusual weight of dental surgeries — Wikipedia puts it at more than 300 and repeats the trade's name for…
- [Taipei](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/taipei/): Taipei's large hospitals are strung down the middle of the city from north to south.
- [Tbilisi](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/tbilisi/): A capital of 1,369,400 people whose private clinics concentrate in Vake and Saburtalo, with Vera and Mtatsminda between them and the older hospital estate scattered across the city.
- [Tel Aviv](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/tel-aviv/): A city of 494,900 people whose inbound medical work runs through large public teaching hospitals rather than through a clinic strip.
- [Tijuana](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/tijuana/): A city of roughly 2.3 million on the Pacific end of the Mexico–United States border, sharing about 24 kilometres of line with San Diego.
- [Tunis](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/tunis/): A capital of 693,210 people, 2,885,040 across its metropolitan area, administered in fifteen municipal districts including El Menzah and the Medina.
- [Vilnius](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/vilnius/): A capital of 619,405 people in mid-2026, administered in twenty elderships, with the private clinics that take foreign patients in and around Naujamiestis and the streets north of the Old Town, and the large public…
- [Warsaw](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/city/warsaw/): A capital of 1,866,729 people at the end of 2025, laid out in 18 districts, with the private clinics that take foreign patients concentrated in central Śródmieście and in Mokotów, Wola and Ochota around it.

## Procedures
- [Abdominoplasty](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/abdominoplasty/): Skin and fat are cut away from the lower abdomen through a long transverse incision above the pubis, the separated abdominal muscles are usually stitched back together, the navel is brought out through a new opening and…
- [Abortion](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/abortion-care/): A pregnancy is ended, either with drugs or with a procedure. The drug route is two medicines taken a day or two apart, most of it completed at home, and it is used in early pregnancy.
- [All-on-4](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/all-on-four/): Four implants are placed in one jaw, the back pair angled forward to avoid the sinus or the nerve, and a fixed bridge of ten to fourteen teeth is screwed onto them — often a temporary one within about a day, with the…
- [Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/acl-reconstruction/): The torn cruciate ligament is replaced with a tendon graft threaded through tunnels drilled in the femur and the tibia and fixed at both ends.
- [Artificial disc replacement](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/disc-replacement/): The worn disc is removed and replaced with a metal-and-polymer implant that keeps the two vertebrae moving, instead of a cage and screws that lock them together.
- [Assisted dying](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/assisted-dying/): A person who wishes to end their life is prescribed a lethal drug by a doctor and takes it themselves, with an organisation present.
- [Bone marrow transplant](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/bone-marrow-transplant/): The blood-forming system is destroyed by chemotherapy, with or without radiation, and replaced with stem cells — the patient's own, harvested and stored beforehand, or another person's.
- [Breast augmentation](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/breast-augmentation/): A silicone shell filled with cohesive gel or saline is placed behind the breast tissue or behind the chest muscle, through a cut in the fold under the breast, around the areola or in the armpit.
- [CAR T-cell therapy](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/car-t/): A patient's own T cells are collected from the blood, genetically modified in a factory to carry a receptor for a marker on their cancer, grown up, frozen, shipped back and infused after a short course of chemotherapy…
- [Cataract surgery](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/cataract-surgery/): The clouded natural lens is broken up by ultrasound and removed through a small wound, and an artificial lens is folded into the empty capsule.
- [Cochlear implant](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/cochlear-implant/): An electronic device that bypasses the damaged inner ear and stimulates the hearing nerve directly.
- [Coronary angioplasty and stent](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/angioplasty-stent/): A catheter is threaded from the wrist or the groin to the heart, dye shows where a coronary artery is narrowed, a balloon opens it and a metal mesh tube is left behind to hold it open.
- [Coronary artery bypass grafting](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/cabg/): A length of vein from the leg or artery from the chest wall is sewn around a blocked coronary artery so blood reaches the muscle beyond it. Several grafts in one operation is usual.
- [Dental crown](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/dental-crown/): A tooth is reduced to a stump, an impression or scan is taken, a laboratory makes a cover in metal, porcelain-fused-to-metal, lithium disilicate or zirconia, and it is cemented or screwed on.
- [Dental implant](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/dental-implant/): A titanium or ceramic screw is placed in the jaw where a tooth was. Bone grows onto it over months; then an abutment is screwed into it and a crown is cemented or screwed onto that.
- [Dental veneers](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/veneers/): A thin facing is bonded to the front of a tooth, usually after some enamel is removed.
- [Dialysis away from home](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/dialysis-holiday/): A person on maintenance haemodialysis books sessions at a unit somewhere else and goes there.
- [Direct hair implantation (DHI)](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/dhi-hair-transplant/): Follicular units are harvested as in follicular unit extraction, then loaded one at a time into a hollow implanter pen that both makes the recipient channel and delivers the graft in a single movement, rather than the…
- [Egg donation](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/egg-donation/): A donor is screened and stimulated, her eggs are collected, and they are fertilised with the recipient's partner's sperm or with donor sperm; the resulting embryo goes into the recipient, whose own cycle is timed to…
- [Egg freezing](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/egg-freezing/): The first half of an IVF cycle, stopped after the eggs are collected.
- [Executive health screening](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/executive-health-screening/): A fixed bundle of tests run in half a day: history and examination, bloods, urine and stool, an electrocardiogram, a chest X-ray, an abdominal ultrasound, with imaging, endoscopy and cardiac stress testing added in the…
- [Facelift](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/facelift/): Incisions are made in front of and behind the ear and into the hairline, the skin is lifted, the fibrous layer beneath it is repositioned or tightened, excess skin is trimmed and the wound closed along the lines where…
- [Follicular unit extraction](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/hair-transplant-fue/): Follicular units are cut out of the back and sides of the scalp one at a time with a punch under a millimetre across, sorted under magnification, and placed into slits made in the bald area.
- [Full mouth restoration](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/full-mouth-restoration/): Rebuilding both jaws: extractions where teeth cannot be kept, implants or bridges where they cannot be replaced otherwise, crowns on what remains, and often a raising of the bite.
- [Gallbladder removal](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/gallbladder-removal/): The gallbladder is removed through four small incisions with a camera, or through a larger cut where the keyhole route fails.
- [Gamma knife radiosurgery](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/gamma-knife/): A high dose of radiation delivered to a target inside the skull from many directions at once, so that the beams meet at the lesion and each individual path through healthy brain carries little dose.
- [Gastric balloon](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/gastric-balloon/): A soft balloon is placed in the stomach and filled, so the stomach holds less and fullness comes sooner. It is a temporary device, not an operation: nothing is cut, stapled or removed, and it comes out again.
- [Gastric bypass](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/gastric-bypass/): The stomach is divided with staples to leave a small pouch at the top, and that pouch is joined to the lower part of the small intestine, so food passes most of the stomach and the first stretch of bowel without meeting…
- [Gluteal fat grafting](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/bbl/): Fat is taken by liposuction from the abdomen, flanks or back, processed, and injected into the buttocks to add volume and change shape.
- [Heart valve replacement](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/heart-valve-replacement/): A diseased valve — most often the aortic or the mitral — is cut out and a mechanical or tissue prosthesis is sewn in its place, on cardiopulmonary bypass through an opened chest, or through a smaller incision with an…
- [Hernia repair](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/hernia-repair/): A defect in the abdominal wall is closed and usually reinforced with a synthetic mesh, through an open incision or through keyhole ports. The commonest general-surgical operation in most countries.
- [Hysterectomy](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/hysterectomy/): The uterus is removed — through the abdomen, through the vagina, or through keyhole incisions with a camera, which is the route the packages read for this record price.
- [Implantable collamer lens](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/icl/): A soft lens is folded through a small corneal wound and placed behind the iris, in front of the eye's own lens, which stays. No tissue is removed and the operation can in principle be reversed.
- [In vitro fertilisation](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/ivf/): Drugs stimulate the ovaries to ripen several eggs at once; the eggs are collected through the vaginal wall under sedation or general anaesthetic in about half an hour; the eggs are mixed with sperm in a laboratory; and…
- [Intracytoplasmic sperm injection](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/icsi/): An embryologist holds one egg with a suction pipette, picks up one sperm in a glass needle a few micrometres across, pushes the needle through the egg's outer coat and membrane and releases the sperm inside.
- [Kidney transplant](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/kidney-transplant/): A kidney from a living or a deceased donor is placed in the recipient's lower abdomen and plumbed into the iliac vessels and the bladder; the recipient's own kidneys are usually left in place.
- [Knee arthroscopy](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/knee-arthroscopy/): A camera and instruments go into the knee through two or three small portals. Torn meniscus is trimmed or stitched, loose bodies are removed, roughened cartilage is smoothed, the joint is washed out.
- [LASIK](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/lasik/): A thin flap is cut in the surface of the cornea, the tissue beneath is reshaped with an excimer laser to change where the eye focuses, and the flap is laid back without stitches.
- [Liposuction](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/liposuction/): Fat is broken up and aspirated through small cannulas passed under the skin, usually after the area has been flooded with dilute local anaesthetic and adrenaline.
- [Liver transplant](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/liver-transplant/): A diseased liver is removed and replaced, either with a whole organ from a deceased donor or with a lobe cut from a living one.
- [Panchakarma](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/panchakarma/): A residential course of Ayurvedic treatment, prescribed by a physician after consultation and run daily for two to four weeks: oil applications and massage, herbal steam, forehead oil pouring, medicated enemas and…
- [Phalloplasty](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/phalloplasty/): A penis is built from a flap of the patient's own skin, fat and nerve — most often the forearm, otherwise the thigh, groin or back — transferred to the pubis and connected to blood vessels and nerves there.
- [Preimplantation genetic testing](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/pgt/): A few cells are taken from the outer layer of a five-day-old embryo, the embryo is frozen, and the cells are sequenced.
- [Prostatectomy](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/prostatectomy/): For cancer, the whole prostate and the seminal vesicles are removed and the bladder rejoined to the urethra — increasingly through a robotic console, with four nights on the Bangkok package read for this record.
- [Proton beam therapy](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/proton-therapy/): Radiotherapy delivered with protons instead of X-rays. A proton slows as it travels through tissue and releases most of its energy at the point where it stops, so a beam aimed to stop inside a tumour deposits its dose…
- [Residential addiction treatment](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/addiction-rehab/): A stay of several weeks in a residential centre: medically supervised withdrawal where it is needed, then individual and group therapy, structured days, and an aftercare plan.
- [Rhinoplasty](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/rhinoplasty/): Bone and cartilage of the nose are cut, filed, repositioned or added to, through the nostrils or through a small bridging incision at the base of the nose.
- [Root canal treatment](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/root-canal/): The dead or infected pulp is removed, the canals inside the root are cleaned, shaped and filled, and the tooth is sealed. The NHS describes it as treatment for infection at the centre of a tooth.
- [Sleeve gastrectomy](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/gastric-sleeve/): Around 80% of the stomach is removed to leave a much smaller, sleeve-shaped tube, under general anaesthetic and normally through keyhole incisions. The NHS puts the operation at one to three hours.
- [Sperm donation](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/sperm-donation/): Screened, frozen sperm from a man who is not the patient's partner, thawed and either placed in the uterus around ovulation — donor insemination, a few minutes in a clinic room with no anaesthetic — or used to fertilise…
- [Spinal fusion](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/spinal-fusion/): Two vertebrae are joined into one bone. The disc between them is removed, a cage or a block of graft is packed into the gap, and screws and rods or a plate hold the segment still while it knits.
- [Surrogacy](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/surrogacy/): A woman carries a pregnancy for someone else. In the usual form an embryo is created by IVF from the intended parents' or donors' gametes and transferred to her; she has no genetic link to the child.
- [Top surgery](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/top-surgery/): Breast tissue is removed and the chest is reshaped to a male contour.
- [Total hip replacement](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/hip-replacement/): The worn ball and socket of the hip are cut out and replaced: a stem driven into the femur carrying a metal or ceramic head, and a cup fixed into the pelvis with a bearing inside it.
- [Total knee replacement](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/knee-replacement/): The worn surfaces of the knee are cut away and replaced with metal and plastic: a femoral component on the thigh bone, a tibial tray on the shin, a polyethylene bearing between them, and often a patellar button behind…
- [Total shoulder replacement](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/shoulder-replacement/): The arthritic or destroyed shoulder joint is replaced with a stemmed or stemless humeral component and a glenoid component.
- [Unapproved stem cell treatment](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/stem-cell-unproven/): A cell preparation is injected, infused or implanted as a treatment for a condition it has not been approved to treat.
- [Vaginoplasty](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/procedure/vaginoplasty/): The testes are removed, the penile and scrotal tissue is dismantled, and a vaginal canal is made in the space between the bladder and the rectum, lined with penile skin turned inside out, with a scrotal skin graft, with…

## Hospitals
- [Acıbadem Healthcare Group](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/acibadem/): A hospital group, not a building: 29 hospitals and 15 medical centres by the Wikipedia count, 45 or more hospitals and clinics by the group's own, spread across Türkiye, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and…
- [American Hospital Dubai](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/american-hospital-dubai/): A 254-bed private acute general medical and surgical hospital in Dubai, established in 1996 by the Mohamed & Obaid Al Mulla Group, working in more than 40 specialties with seven satellite clinics across the emirate.
- [Anadolu Medical Center](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/anadolu-medical-center/): A 209-bed hospital at Gebze in Kocaeli, opened on 12 February 2005 by the Anadolu Foundation and affiliated since 2002 with Johns Hopkins Medicine International.
- [Apollo Hospitals, Greams Road, Chennai](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/apollo-chennai/): The first hospital of the Apollo group, opened at Greams Road in Chennai in 1983 and still its flagship.
- [Asan Medical Center](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/asan-medical-center/): South Korea's largest hospital: 2,446 beds on 280,000 square metres at 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil in Songpa-gu, Seoul, established in June 1989 by Chung Ju-yung through the charitable Asan Foundation.
- [Bangkok Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/bangkok-hospital/): The flagship of Bangkok Dusit Medical Services, on a campus of specialist buildings down Soi Soonvijai off New Phetchaburi Road.
- [Bumrungrad International Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/bumrungrad/): A private hospital on Sukhumvit Soi 3 in Bangkok, opened in 1980 with 200 beds and listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand since 1989.
- [Charité International Patients](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/charite-international/): The international-patient arm of Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin, the joint medical faculty of the Free University and the Humboldt University and, at about 3,000 beds across four campuses, the largest university…
- [Clínica Las Américas](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/clinica-las-americas/): A high-complexity private clinic in western Medellín, part of Grupo Las Américas and owned by the Peruvian healthcare group Auna.
- [Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/fortis-gurgaon/): The headquarters hospital of Fortis Healthcare, in Sector 44 of Gurugram on the southern edge of Delhi.
- [Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/fundacion-santa-fe/): A private nonprofit foundation in northern Bogotá, created on 2 November 1972 with no owners and no shareholders, whose university hospital on Calle 119 was the first organisation in Colombia accredited by Joint…
- [Gleneagles Hospital Kuala Lumpur](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/gleneagles-kl/): A 376-bed private hospital on Jalan Ampang in Kuala Lumpur, which began operating on 1 August 1996. It is a subsidiary of Pantai Medical Centre, owned by IHH Healthcare, and one of four Gleneagles hospitals in Malaysia.
- [Hadassah Medical Center](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/hadassah/): A Jerusalem hospital on two campuses — Mount Scopus, opened 1939, and Ein Kerem, established 1961 — with more than 1,300 beds between them, 31 operating theatres and nine intensive care units.
- [Heidelberg University Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/heidelberg-university-hospital/): A 1,991-bed public university hospital at Im Neuenheimer Feld in Heidelberg, treating over a million patients a year.
- [Hospital Angeles Tijuana](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/hospital-angeles-tijuana/): An eleven-storey private hospital of 29,108 square metres in the Zona Río of Tijuana, opened in 2005 and run by Grupo Ángeles, Mexico's largest private hospital company.
- [Hospital CIMA San José](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/hospital-cima-san-jose/): A 103-bed tertiary acute-care hospital in Escazú, west of San José, opened in 2000 and owned by International Hospital Corporation, a Texas company that builds hospitals in Latin America.
- [Hospital Clínica Bíblica](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/clinica-biblica/): A private hospital in central San José, on Avenida 14, founded in 1929 by Henry and Susan Strachan of the Latin American Mission and now the largest private hospital in Costa Rica.
- [Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/albert-einstein-sao-paulo/): A private nonprofit hospital in Morumbi, on the south side of São Paulo, inaugurated on 28 July 1971 and run by the Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein, a charitable society founded in 1955 by…
- [Island Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/island-hospital-penang/): A 600-bed private hospital on Jalan Macalister in George Town, Penang, founded in 1996 and bought by IHH Healthcare in 2024.
- [King Hussein Cancer Center](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/king-hussein-cancer-center/): A 352-bed independent non-governmental, non-profit cancer centre on Queen Rania Street in Amman, established in 2001 and chaired by Princess Ghida Talal.
- [Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/kokilaben/): A 750-bed hospital at Four Bungalows in Andheri West, Mumbai, opened in 2009 and built by the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group.
- [Liv Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/liv-hospital/): A Turkish private hospital brand with more than twenty locations, whose flagship is the Ulus campus in Beşiktaş, Istanbul.
- [Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/max-saket/): The flagship tertiary hospital of Max Healthcare, on Press Enclave Road in Saket, South Delhi. Its East Block was completed in 2004.
- [Medanta — The Medicity, Gurugram](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/medanta/): A 1,250-bed hospital on 43 acres in Sector 38 of Gurugram, founded in 2009 by the cardiac surgeon Naresh Trehan and Sunil Sachdeva and built for about 1,200 crore rupees.
- [Medicana Health Group](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/medicana/): A Turkish hospital group of eighteen hospitals — sixteen across seven Turkish cities, one at Winchester in England and one at Sarajevo — trading since 1992.
- [Memorial Şişli Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/memorial-sisli/): The first hospital of the Memorial Healthcare Group, opened in 2000 on Piyalepaşa Bulvarı in Şişli, Istanbul, and the first hospital in Türkiye to take Joint Commission International accreditation — the 21st in the…
- [Mount Elizabeth Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/mount-elizabeth/): A 345-bed private hospital off Orchard Road in Singapore, opened on 8 December 1979 and owned since 1995 by Parkway Holdings, now part of the Malaysian group IHH Healthcare.
- [Narayana Health](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/narayana-health/): A hospital group rather than a single building: 24 hospitals and seven heart centres in India plus Health City Cayman Islands, founded by the cardiac surgeon Devi Shetty and listed on both Indian exchanges since January…
- [Prince Court Medical Centre](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/prince-court/): A private hospital in central Kuala Lumpur with 277 single-bed rooms and no shared wards, now part of IHH Healthcare.
- [Raffles Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/raffles-hospital/): A 380-bed private hospital at the corner of North Bridge Road and Ophir Road in Singapore, opened on 31 March 2001 on the site of the converted Blanco Court.
- [Samitivej Sukhumvit Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/samitivej/): A 275-bed private hospital on Sukhumvit Soi 49 in Bangkok, opened in June 1979 and now owned by Bangkok Dusit Medical Services.
- [Samsung Medical Center](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/samsung-medical-center/): A 1,766-bed hospital in Gangnam, Seoul, opened on 9 November 1994 and run by the Samsung Life Public Welfare Foundation.
- [Severance Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/severance/): The oldest hospital in South Korea and part of the Yonsei University Health System: 2,437 beds in Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, seeing about 2.5 million outpatients and 840,000 inpatients a year.
- [Sheba Medical Center](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/sheba/): Israel's largest hospital: about 1,580 beds on an 800-dunam campus at Tel HaShomer in east Ramat Gan, government-affiliated and attached to Tel Aviv University.
- [Wooridul Spine Hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/hospital/wooridul/): A single-specialty spine hospital in Cheongdam, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, founded in 1982 by the neurosurgeon Sang-Ho Lee and built entirely around the spine: neurosurgery, orthopaedics and rehabilitation medicine, and nothing…

## Journey
- [Aftercare at home](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/aftercare-at-home/): Wound checks, stitch removal, physiotherapy, drug management and the first sight of a complication happen in the patient's own country, performed by clinicians who were not party to the consent, did not select the…
- [Arrival and consent](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/arrival-and-consent/): The patient lands, is examined for the first time by the person who will operate, and signs a consent form. In a domestic pathway these events are separated by weeks.
- [Booking the flight](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/booking-the-flight/): Two dates are bought at once, weeks before any operation happens. The outbound follows the clinic's calendar.
- [Choosing a facilitator](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/choosing-a-facilitator/): An intermediary stands between the patient and the hospital: it collects records, produces a quote, books the surgeon, sometimes books the flight and the hotel, and meets the patient at the airport.
- [Complaint and claim](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/complaint-and-claim/): The attempt to hold somebody answerable after harm. It divides into a regulatory complaint against a licensed clinician, heard by the body that licensed them, and a civil claim for compensation, heard by a court.
- [Deciding whether to go](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/deciding-whether/): The step before any money moves: a person weighs a price, a queue or a refusal at home against a procedure in another country.
- [Getting a quote](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/getting-a-quote/): A provider or an intermediary puts a number on paper. The number is usually a package: a bundle of theatre time, a named number of nights and a set of professional fees, with a list of what falls outside it.
- [Getting your records out](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/getting-your-records/): The patient asks the home health system for a copy of their own file — imaging, operation notes, pathology, drug list — so that a clinician in another country can read it.
- [In hospital](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/in-hospital/): Admission, operation, ward, discharge. For the length of the stay the patient is inside an institution whose rules, staffing and law are the destination's, with no home clinician involved, and with a bill accruing…
- [Reading the exclusions](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/reading-the-exclusions/): Two separate exclusion lists govern a trip for treatment. The provider's package names what its price does not cover. The insurer's policy names what it will not pay for.
- [The companion](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/the-companion/): Somebody travels with the patient: a spouse, an adult child, a friend.
- [The deposit](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/the-deposit/): Money crosses the border before the patient does. A deposit — or in dental and hair work often the whole price — is paid to secure a date, usually by card or bank transfer, to an entity in another country that the payer…
- [The discharge summary](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/the-discharge-summary/): A document handed over at discharge that states what was done.
- [The flight home](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/the-flight-home/): A post-operative body in a pressurised cabin, hours from any theatre, on a date chosen before the operation.
- [The second opinion](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/second-opinion/): A second clinician reviews the diagnosis and the proposed operation.
- [The visa](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/the-visa/): Entry permission for treatment. Some states issue a dedicated class that names the hospital and admits a companion; others treat a patient arriving for surgery as an ordinary visitor.
- [When it goes wrong](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/step/when-it-goes-wrong/): A complication arrives, either in the destination while the patient is still there or at home after the flight.

## Risks
- [Antimicrobial resistance acquired abroad](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/antimicrobial-resistance/): An organism that survives the drugs meant to kill it, carried home in or on a patient who was treated in a hospital where such organisms are common.
- [Blood supply safety](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/blood-supply-safety/): Whether the blood a patient may be given during an operation was screened, and screened under a quality system.
- [Bloodborne virus from treatment abroad](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/bloodborne-virus/): Hepatitis B, hepatitis C or HIV transmitted by a reused needle, an inadequately reprocessed instrument, a contaminated injectable or an unscreened transfusion.
- [Candida auris](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/candida-auris/): A yeast that colonises skin, survives on surfaces for long periods, spreads between patients in healthcare facilities, and resists antifungal drugs.
- [Consent taken across a language barrier](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/language-consent/): A consent signed after a conversation conducted through a third person.
- [Death from gluteal fat grafting](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/bbl-mortality/): Fat injected into the buttock enters a torn gluteal vein and travels to the lung. Death can follow within minutes and often on the operating table.
- [Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/dvt-pe/): A clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg, and part of it travels to the lung. Surgery raises the risk and long-haul flight raises it, and a patient who has both in the same fortnight carries both.
- [Discharged alone](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/alone-after-discharge/): Discharge from a hospital abroad into a hotel room rather than a household.
- [Fitness for anaesthesia, assessed on arrival](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/anaesthetic-risk-unscreened/): Pre-operative assessment compressed into the days between landing and the operation, carried out by a team holding whatever records the patient brought.
- [Flying after surgery](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/flying-after-surgery/): A cabin at cruising altitude is pressurised to roughly the outside air pressure at 6,000 to 8,000 feet.
- [Fungal meningitis after epidural anaesthesia](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/fungal-meningitis/): Infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord by a mould introduced at the moment an epidural is placed.
- [Malpractice recourse across a border](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/malpractice-recourse/): The question of which court will hear a claim against a clinician abroad, which country's law it will apply, how long the claimant has to bring it, and whether any judgment can be collected.
- [Nontuberculous mycobacteria](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/nontuberculous-mycobacteria/): Environmental mycobacteria that live in water and soil, are not tuberculosis, resist most ordinary antibiotics, and infect surgical wounds where instruments, rinse water or injectables were contaminated.
- [Repatriation and medical evacuation cost](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/repatriation-cost/): The cost of moving a patient who cannot fly commercially from where they were treated to a hospital that can finish the job.
- [Revision at home](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/revision-at-home/): The second operation, performed in the patient's own country by a surgeon who did not perform the first, on a wound whose details nobody recorded.
- [Substandard and falsified medicines](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/counterfeit-medicines/): A medicine that is not what its label says: falsified in its identity, composition or source, or substandard because it failed a quality specification, expired, was contaminated, or was stored wrongly.
- [Surgical site infection](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/surgical-site-infection/): An infection of the tissue an operation opened — skin, the layers beneath it, or the space around an implant.
- [The deposit, and whether it comes back](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/deposit-and-refund/): Money paid before travel to hold a surgical date, and what happens to it when the operation does not take place — because the patient withdrew, because the clinic cancelled, because a visa was refused, or because a…
- [The escort burden](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/the-escort-burden/): What the person travelling beside the patient carries: a second fare and a second bed, unpaid leave, and the nursing after discharge that no package quotes.
- [The follow-up gap](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/follow-up-gap/): The interval between an operation abroad and the first clinician at home who sees the wound, during which nobody is responsible for the result.
- [The implant is excluded](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/implant-excluded/): A fixed package price for an operation that installs a manufactured device, quoted without the device.
- [Transplant harm](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/transplant-harm/): Harm from receiving an organ, tissue or stem cell transplant abroad from an unrelated donor — to the recipient, whose graft and screening were worse; to the donor, who may have been paid, coerced or trafficked; and to…
- [Unproven stem cell treatment](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/risk/unproven-stem-cell/): A cell preparation sold as a treatment for a condition it has not been shown to treat, usually paid for out of pocket and usually outside any approval process.

## Rules
- [A prescription that crosses a border](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/cross-border-prescriptions/): Commission Implementing Directive 2012/52/EU, made under Directive 2011/24/EU, sets what a prescription must carry to be dispensable in another EU Member State.
- [Access to gender-affirming care](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/gender-affirming-care-access/): Whether an adult may lawfully obtain hormone therapy and gender-affirming surgery in a given jurisdiction, under what gate, and what the law says about minors. The rows below record access to CARE.
- [Assisted dying, and who may cross a border for it](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/assisted-dying-law/): Whether assistance in dying is lawful, and whether the person assisted must live there.
- [Buying an organ, and being transplanted abroad](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/transplant-prohibition/): Two questions that are usually run together and should not be. First: may a person be paid for an organ? Almost everywhere, no, and the statutes say so in similar words.
- [Directive 2011/24/EU on patients' rights in cross-border healthcare](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/eu-directive-2011-24/): The instrument that lets a person insured in one EU Member State buy treatment in another and claim the money back at home.
- [Donor anonymity](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/donor-anonymity-law/): Whether a gamete or embryo donor may remain unknown to the person conceived.
- [Gulf state-sponsored treatment abroad](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/gcc-sponsored-treatment-abroad/): A state programme that sends its own nationals abroad for treatment at public expense, choosing the destination, paying the hospital and paying the patient and an approved escort a daily allowance.
- [India's e-Medical Visa](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/india-e-medical-visa/): A dedicated electronic visa class for treatment in India, applied for online before travel.
- [Insurance exclusions for treatment abroad](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/insurance-exclusions/): The gap between what a travel policy, a domestic health plan and a public programme each decline to pay for when someone travels abroad to be operated on.
- [Korea's foreign patient attraction registration](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/korea-foreign-patient-registration/): A compulsory registration for any medical institution treating foreign patients and any agency recruiting them, under the Act on Supporting Overseas Expansion of Medical Services and Attraction of International…
- [Licensing a clinic in the United Arab Emirates](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/uae-clinic-licensing/): Health facility and professional licensing in the UAE is split by emirate and by free zone rather than run federally. In Dubai the Dubai Health Authority licenses both, under Law No.
- [Malaysia's healthcare travel registration](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/malaysia-mhtc-licence/): Malaysia has a statutory licence to operate a private hospital and a separate, non-statutory membership scheme for hospitals selling to foreign patients.
- [Medicare outside the United States](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/us-medicare-abroad/): Medicare does not pay for healthcare outside the United States, with three narrow exceptions written into 42 CFR Part 424, Subpart H. None of them covers planned treatment.
- [Moving a medical record across a border](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/patient-data-transfer/): Whether a patient can obtain their own medical record, and on what terms it may be sent to another country.
- [NHS funding for treatment abroad](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/uk-nhs-treatment-abroad/): What the National Health Service will pay for when the treatment happens outside the United Kingdom. Two channels, and they are not alike.
- [Regulating cell and tissue therapies](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/stem-cell-regulation/): The law that decides whether a cell preparation is a lightly regulated tissue or a medicine requiring authorisation, and therefore whether a clinic may sell it.
- [Surrogacy law across borders](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/surrogacy-law/): Where a surrogacy arrangement may lawfully be made, for whom, and on what terms. The legality rows below read one named instrument per jurisdiction, on one date.
- [Thailand's medical treatment visa](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/thai-medical-visa/): A visitor visa endorsed for medical treatment, issued by Thai embassies and consulates, admitting the holder for treatment at a hospital in Thailand.
- [The S2 route](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/s2-route/): Prior authorisation to be treated in another EEA state's public system at that state's expense, issued on a certificate the patient carries.
- [The Schengen visa, for treatment](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/schengen-medical-visa/): Europe issues no dedicated treatment visa. A patient travelling to the Schengen area for care applies for the ordinary short-stay uniform visa under Regulation (EC) No 810/2009, the Community Code on Visas, and proves…
- [Travelling for a termination](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/abortion-travel-law/): Where a termination may lawfully be performed, on what grounds and to what gestational limit, and whether the law reaches someone who does not live there.
- [Türkiye's international health tourism authorisation certificate](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/turkiye-health-tourism-authorisation/): A compulsory certificate for any facility treating international patients and any intermediary bringing them, under the Uluslararası Sağlık Turizmi ve Turistin Sağlığı Hakkında Yönetmelik published in the Resmî Gazete…
- [What a clinic may say](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rule/advertising-rules/): The instruments that govern how a hospital, clinic or broker may promote treatment, and what it may claim.

## Organizations
- [ACHS International](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/achsi/): The international subsidiary of the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards, a not-for-profit that has developed healthcare standards since 1974 and is an authorised accrediting agency of the Australian Commission on…
- [American Accreditation Commission International](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/aaci/): An independent accreditation body registered in the United States and run from Hendersonville, North Carolina.
- [Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/declaration-of-istanbul-group/): The body that keeps the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism.
- [Defiant](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/defiant/): A medical-travel facilitator based in Chiang Mai, working with patients from the United States.
- [DNV Healthcare](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/dnv-healthcare/): The healthcare accreditation arm of DNV, a Norwegian assurance and classification company founded in 1864, owned by the Det Norske Veritas Foundation and run from Høvik outside Oslo.
- [Dubai Health Authority](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/dha-dubai/): The health regulator of one emirate. In its own words, "Dubai Health Authority (DHA) is the regulatory body responsible for overseeing and governing the healthcare sector in the Emirate of Dubai", with a mandate…
- [EU National Contact Points for cross-border healthcare](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/eu-national-contact-points/): The information bodies each EU member state must designate under Directive 2011/24/EU on patients' rights in cross-border healthcare.
- [European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/eshre/): The European professional society for reproductive medicine and embryology, founded in 1985 and run from Strombeek-Bever outside Brussels.
- [Eurostat](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/eurostat/): The statistical office of the European Union, a Directorate-General of the European Commission based in the Kirchberg district of Luxembourg City.
- [Global Healthcare Accreditation](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/gha/): An accreditation body founded in 2016 for medical travel rather than for clinical care.
- [Healthcare Accreditation Institute](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/thai-ha-institute/): Thailand's national hospital accreditation body, a public organisation established by the Royal Decree on the Establishment of the Healthcare Accreditation Institute, B.E.
- [Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/hfea/): The United Kingdom's fertility regulator, and the body that licenses every clinic in the country performing IVF, donor insemination or research on human embryos.
- [International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/icmart/): The world registry of assisted reproduction: an independent non-profit that describes itself as having "taken the leading role in the development, collection and dissemination of worldwide data on assisted reproductive…
- [International Medical Travel Journal](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/imtj/): A British trade publication covering cross-border care, established in 2007 and edited by Keith Pollard.
- [International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/isaps/): The international professional society for board-certified aesthetic plastic surgeons, founded in 1970 with its charter signed at the United Nations in New York, registered at 19 Morgan Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire…
- [International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/ishrs/): The international professional society for hair restoration surgeons, incorporated in 1993, run from Elgin, Illinois, and reporting 1,200 members across 80 countries.
- [ISQua External Evaluation Association](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/isqua-ieea/): The body that assesses the bodies. Established by the International Society for Quality in Health Care in 2018 and trading from 2019, registered in Switzerland, it runs an International Accreditation Programme in four…
- [Joint Commission International](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/jci/): The international arm of the Joint Commission, the body that accredits hospitals in the United States.
- [Korea Health Industry Development Institute](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/khidi/): A government-affiliated institute under South Korea's Ministry of Health and Welfare.
- [Malaysia Healthcare Travel Council](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/mhtc/): A Malaysian government agency set up in 2005 and incorporated as an independent entity in 2011 to promote and coordinate the country's healthcare travel trade.
- [Medical Tourism Association](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/medical-tourism-association/): A non-profit membership organisation founded in 2007 and run from West Palm Beach, Florida, serving the industry that sells cross-border care: healthcare providers, referral organisations, insurers and governments.
- [National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/nabh/): India's hospital accreditation board, set up in 2005 as a constituent board of the Quality Council of India.
- [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/oecd/): An intergovernmental organisation of 38 member countries, founded in 1961 as successor to the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation of 1948, headquartered at the Château de la Muette in Paris.
- [PROMED](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/promed/): Costa Rica's membership body for providers serving international patients, now run within the Cámara Costarricense de la Salud, the country's health chamber.
- [Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/cbahi/): Saudi Arabia's national healthcare accreditation body, a not-for-profit established in October 2005 on the recommendation of the Council of Health Services.
- [Temos International Healthcare Accreditation](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/temos/): A German accreditation company founded in 2010 and run from Bergisch Gladbach, near Cologne.
- [Türkiye General Directorate of Health Services](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/turkiye-health-services-directorate/): The General Directorate of Health Services inside Türkiye's Ministry of Health, and its Health Tourism Department, which issues the authorisation certificate a facility must hold before it may treat an international…
- [World Health Organization](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/org/who/): The United Nations health agency, established on 7 April 1948 and based in Geneva. Its governing body, the World Health Assembly, is made up of 193 member states.

## People
- [Devi Prasad Shetty](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/person/devi-shetty/): Cardiac surgeon, and founder and chairman of Narayana Health, the Bengaluru hospital group built on operating volume and low unit cost.
- [John Connell](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/person/john-connell/): Honorary Professor in the Faculty of Science at the University of Sydney, attached to the School of Geosciences, and the author of the first widely read academic treatment of cross-border care.
- [Josef Woodman](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/person/josef-woodman/): Author of "Patients Beyond Borders: Everybody's Guide to Affordable, World-Class Medical Tourism", the consumer guidebook that introduced most English-speaking readers to this subject.
- [Keith Pollard](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/person/keith-pollard/): British healthcare publisher, consultant and editor. He founded and ran Intuition Communication, a web publishing business whose sites sold information about private treatment to UK and overseas patients, and which…
- [Leigh Turner](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/person/leigh-turner/): Professor in the Department of Health, Society, & Behavior at the University of California, Irvine, and Director of the UC Irvine Center for Health Ethics.
- [Prathap C. Reddy](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/person/prathap-reddy/): The cardiologist who founded Apollo Hospitals, the first corporate hospital chain in India, and who is named on the group's own leadership page as Founder and Chairman. Apollo opened in Chennai in 1983 with 150 beds.

## Events
- [Directive 2011/24/EU adopted, 9 March 2011](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/event/directive-2011-24-adopted/): The European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare on 9 March 2011, signed at Strasbourg by J. Buzek for the Parliament and E.
- [NDM-1, 2010](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/event/ndm-1-2010/): A study published online in August 2010 in The Lancet Infectious Diseases describing the spread of NDM-1 — New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1, an enzyme that destroys carbapenems, the antibiotics kept for infections…
- [The 2020 shutdown](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/event/covid-shutdown-2020/): The year cross-border care stopped. On 11 March 2020 the Director-General of the World Health Organization told a media briefing in Geneva: "We have therefore made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a…
- [The Declaration of Istanbul, 2008](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/event/istanbul-declaration-2008/): A consensus statement agreed at an international summit in Istanbul in 2008, convened by The Transplantation Society and the International Society of Nephrology, which defined organ trafficking, transplant commercialism…
- [The Dominican mycobacterial outbreaks, 2013–14 and 2017](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/event/dominican-republic-ntm-outbreak/): Two multi-state clusters of rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria — environmental bacteria that infect surgical wounds and take months of antibiotics to clear — in United States residents who had cosmetic surgery…
- [The IMTJ Medical Travel Summit and Awards](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/event/imtj-summit/): The trade's own annual gathering, run by the publisher of the International Medical Travel Journal alongside an awards ceremony.
- [The Matamoros fungal meningitis outbreak, 2023](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/event/mexico-fungal-meningitis-2023/): An outbreak of fungal meningitis among people — almost all of them residents of the United States — who had procedures under epidural anaesthesia at two clinics in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, in the first five months of…
- [Türkiye's hair transplant boom](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/event/turkiye-hair-boom/): The growth of hair restoration surgery sold to foreign buyers in Türkiye, mostly in Istanbul, into the most visible single procedure in cross-border care.

## Words
- [ASA grade](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/asa-grade/): A six-point scale describing how well a patient is before an operation, from ASA I, healthy, to ASA VI, declared brain-dead with organs being removed for donation, with an E appended where the surgery is an emergency.
- [Bundled payment](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/bundled-payment/): One payment covering everything a patient needs for a defined episode — the admission, the surgeon, the rehabilitation, the readmission if it happens — across every provider involved, for a fixed number of days after…
- [Case rate](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/case-rate/): One flat amount for one case, agreed in advance. A trade description puts it at its bluntest: under a case rate "providers receive a flat reimbursement rate for every patient visit, no matter what service they provide".
- [Circumvention travel](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/circumvention-travel/): Travelling to a country where a treatment is lawful in order to have it, because it is prohibited at home. The treatment is legal where it happens.
- [Co-payment](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/co-payment/): A fixed sum the patient pays for a covered service while the payer pays the rest.
- [Cycle](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/cycle/): One round of stimulation, egg collection, fertilisation and transfer.
- [Day case](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/day-case/): Treatment that occupies a hospital bed for part of a day and no night.
- [DRG](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/drg/): A bucket. Every inpatient stay is sorted at discharge into one group by diagnosis, procedures and complications, each group carries a weight, and the weight times a base rate is what the hospital is paid — the same…
- [Facilitator](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/facilitator/): The commercial party between a patient and a hospital abroad. It gathers records, produces a quote, books the surgeon, often books the flight and the hotel, and meets the patient at the airport.
- [FUE](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/fue/): Harvesting hair by cutting individual follicular units out of the donor area one at a time through small circular punches, rather than taking a strip of scalp and dissecting it.
- [Graft](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/graft/): In the older surgical sense, tissue moved from one place to another and expected to take.
- [Health tourism](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/health-tourism/): The wider administrative category: travel for treatment, for a cure, for thermal and spa stays, and for the care of travellers who fall ill while abroad.
- [Informed consent](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/informed-consent/): A patient's agreement to a procedure, given after being told what it involves, what it risks and what the alternatives are.
- [Length of stay](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/length-of-stay/): How long a patient occupies a hospital bed. On a price page it is a number of nights the seller has budgeted for; in a health statistic it is a measured average across discharges.
- [Medical tourism](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/medical-tourism/): The most widely used name for travelling to another country to be treated, and the most argued-about. This site writes medical travel and cross-border care instead.
- [Medical travel](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/medical-travel/): Travelling from one country to another to be treated. It is the name this site uses throughout, alongside cross-border care, and the name the trade itself has moved towards over twenty years.
- [Medical visa](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/medical-visa/): An entry permission issued for treatment. Some states run a dedicated class that names the hospital and admits a companion; others treat a patient arriving for surgery as an ordinary visitor.
- [Out-of-pocket](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/out-of-pocket/): Money a household hands to a provider itself, rather than through a tax, a premium or a pooled fund.
- [Package price](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/package-price/): One figure covering a named list of items for one episode of treatment: theatre time, a surgeon, an anaesthetist, a stated number of nights. It is the form almost every price on this site takes.
- [Patient mobility](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/patient-mobility/): The European Union's word for patients receiving healthcare in a member state other than the one that insures them, and being reimbursed for it at home.
- [Prior authorisation](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/prior-authorisation/): A payer's advance decision that a treatment is medically necessary.
- [Repatriation](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/repatriation/): Moving a patient who cannot fly commercially from where they were treated to a hospital at home that can finish the job — or moving a body.
- [Reproductive exile](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/reproductive-exile/): Travelling abroad for fertility treatment because it is unlawful, unavailable or unaffordable at home.
- [Revision](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/revision/): A second operation on the site of a first: an implant replaced, a nose re-cut, a sleeve converted, a graft redone.
- [Tariff](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/tariff/): A schedule of amounts set by a state or an insurer for named items of care. It fixes what the payer will pay, or refund, for each item.
- [Wellness travel](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/word/wellness-travel/): Travel undertaken to maintain or improve wellbeing rather than to treat a condition.

## Data
- [CDC assisted reproductive technology results](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/cdc-art-results/): What every reporting fertility clinic in the United States did in a year, and what came of it.
- [Current health expenditure per person](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/world-bank-health-spending/): What a country spends on health in a year, divided by its population, in current US dollars. The World Bank republishes it from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database.
- [HFEA fertility treatment results](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/hfea-results/): What every licensed fertility clinic in the United Kingdom did, and what came of it.
- [Hospital beds per 1,000 people](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/world-bank-beds/): How many hospital beds a country has for every thousand residents.
- [International arrivals](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/world-bank-tourism-arrivals/): How many international arrivals a country recorded in a year. The World Bank republishes it from UN Tourism's Yearbook and Compendium of Tourism Statistics.
- [Natural Earth country outlines](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/natural-earth-countries/): The country shapes every map on this site is drawn with. Natural Earth's Admin 0 countries at 1:110 million, fetched once and simplified: 220 country rows, 357 rings, 6,571 coordinate pairs at two decimal places.
- [OECD waiting times for elective surgery](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/oecd-waiting-times/): How long patients wait for seven non-emergency operations in the countries that measure it. Part of OECD Health Statistics, published with a definitions document dated 10 September 2025.
- [OpenStreetMap hospitals, clinics and dental surgeries](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/osm-facilities/): Every named hospital, clinic and dental surgery OpenStreetMap carried within a set radius of each hub on this site, fetched through the Overpass API.
- [Out-of-pocket share of health spending](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/world-bank-out-of-pocket/): What share of a country's health spending comes straight out of households' pockets, rather than from government schemes or insurance.
- [Physicians per 1,000 people](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/world-bank-doctors/): How many doctors a country has for every thousand residents. The World Bank republishes it from WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics, the OECD and country returns, under a one-line definition: "Physicians include…
- [The dated exchange rate table](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/exchange-rate-table/): One set of exchange rates, fetched once and stamped, so prices published in twenty-odd currencies can sit on a single axis.
- [The JCI list of accredited organizations](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/jci-accredited-list/): The directory of hospitals, clinics and programmes outside the United States currently holding Joint Commission International accreditation.
- [WHO Global Health Observatory](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/dataset/who-global-health-observatory/): The World Health Organization's public statistics repository. In its own words, "The GHO data repository is WHO's gateway to health-related statistics for its 194 Member States.

## Stories
- [Circumvention](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/circumvention/): Travelling to a country where a treatment is lawful because it is prohibited at home. The act is legal where it happens; the traveller's own state mostly does not reach it.
- [Counting patients](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/counting-patients/): Why the headline figures for how many people travel for treatment cannot be added, compared or trusted as counts of people. Twelve of the 52 country records on this site carry an inbound figure.
- [How this was built](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/how-this-was-built/): The record shape, the provenance tiers, the price rule, the law rule, the harvests and their licences, the map projection and the editorial rules — set out so that somebody with none of these files could build the same…
- [Is it cheaper](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/is-it-cheaper/): One operation, two published prices, worked to the end. A Bangkok hospital's knee package set against an English provider's self-pay list price for the same operation, with the implant, the nights past the package, the…
- [The accreditation question](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/the-accreditation-question/): An accreditation is a fact about an inspection somebody bought. The organisation applies, the organisation pays, the survey is scheduled, and the mark runs for a fixed term.
- [The follow-up nobody books](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/the-follow-up-nobody-books/): The operation is bought in one country and its consequences are managed in another.
- [The price that isn't](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/the-price-that-isnt/): A published price covers a named list of things and excludes another named list, and across 214 price rows on this site the second list is longer than the first 68 times.
- [The queue is the product](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/waiting-lists/): Half this directory is about money and the other half is about law, and both miss the commonest reason a person with an insured, funded, free-at-the-point-of-use operation available to them gets on a plane anyway: the…
- [The word itself](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/the-word-itself/): This site writes medical travel and cross-border care. The more familiar compound appears only inside a quotation with a speaker attached, inside a proper name, or on the word's own page, where the argument over it is…
- [What the data cannot see](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/what-the-data-cannot-see/): Thirteen published series supply every chart, map and table on this site. Each has a record, and each record carries one sentence stating what the series does not count. This page collects those thirteen sentences.
- [Who travels](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/story/who-travels/): The largest flows anyone counts are not Europeans and North Americans buying cheaper surgery.

## Optional
- [Search](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/search/)
- [World map](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/map/)
- [Prices](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/prices/)
- [Rules](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/rules/)
- [Atom feed](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/feed.xml)
- [Sitemap](https://nanobotco.github.io/care-abroad/sitemap.xml)

# — roster of sibling sites, generated from data/fleet.json —
## Elsewhere from the same publisher

- [Mot Dang](https://motdang.net/): city directory for Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai
- [wichaa](https://wichaa.net/): Lanna manuscripts, the amulet market, and the traditions around them
- [Amulet Atlas](https://nanobotco.github.io/amulet-atlas/): amulets, charms and talismans worldwide
- [Carolina Barbecue](https://nanobotco.github.io/carolina-barbecue/): barbecue in North and South Carolina
- [Wing Country](https://nanobotco.github.io/buffalo-wings/): the American chicken wing
- [Pink Box](https://nanobotco.github.io/pink-box/): the American mom-and-pop donut shop
- [Basque Tables](https://nanobotco.github.io/basque-tables/): Basque dining rooms of California, Nevada and Idaho
- [Pinot Country](https://nanobotco.github.io/pinot-noir/): pinot noir: the vine, the regions, the cellars
- [Thai Roots](https://nanobotco.github.io/thairoots/): a root dictionary of Thai, with a word decomposer
- [The index](https://nanobotco.github.io/index/): every corpus, site and repository, counted
- [Uptake](https://nanobotco.github.io/uptake/): a field manual on publishing for machines that copy
- [NaNoBotCo](https://nanobotco.github.io/): the portal
- [Ask Mot Dang](https://ask.motdang.net/): reader assistant over the directory
- [ai.motdang.net](https://ai.motdang.net/): white-label assistants, by seat
- [Defiant](https://defiant.to/): medical and dental care in Chiang Mai, with a translator at the appointment
- [Hongdam](https://hongdam.net/): bilingual web development, Chiang Rai
- [ฮักฝรั่ง](https://hakfarang.net/): เรื่องเงิน วีซ่า และชีวิตกับแฟนฝรั่ง
- [Offrampt](https://offrampt.net/): turning crypto into spendable local money, Thailand first

- [The roster as JSON](https://nanobotco.github.io/index/fleet.json)