{
 "type": "art",
 "count": 3,
 "nodes": [
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "murals",
   "type": "art",
   "names": {
    "name": "The murals",
    "th": "จิตรกรรมฝาผนัง",
    "said": "What a painting of a tattoo is evidence of"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "kind": "mural"
   },
   "when": {
    "from": 1800,
    "to": 1900,
    "circa": true,
    "label": "Nineteenth-century Lanna temple painting"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "Northern temple walls carry men with marked legs and torsos, painted by people who saw them daily.",
    "story": "The Lanna volume rests its case on exactly this: the evidence for the custom is the murals in important temples, which show men tattooed until they look dressed.\n\n*Inference —* a mural is good evidence for three things — that the custom existed, roughly what area of the body it covered, and that it was ordinary enough to paint without comment. It is weak evidence for the designs themselves: painters simplify, and a wall painted with a hundred figures is not a pattern book. This site reads the murals for extent and does not read them for detail."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "ผนังวัดทางเหนือมีภาพชายที่มีลายบนขาและลำตัว วาดโดยคนที่เห็นของจริงทุกวัน",
    "story": "*อนุมาน —* จิตรกรรมเป็นหลักฐานที่ดีสำหรับสามเรื่อง คือธรรมเนียมนี้มีจริง คลุมร่างกายราวไหน และเป็นเรื่องธรรมดาพอที่จะวาดโดยไม่ต้องอธิบาย แต่อ่อนสำหรับตัวลายเอง"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "wat-phumin",
     "as": "The best-known wall.",
     "rel": "place"
    },
    {
     "to": "sak-kha-lai",
     "as": "What it shows.",
     "rel": "tradition"
    }
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:ms6968",
    "s:thwp-จ-ตรกรรมฝาผน-ง",
    "s:wp-wat-phumin"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "cited",
     "source": "s:ms6968"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "tags": [
    "lanna",
    "start-here"
   ],
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "murals/murals-peinture-murale-wat-phumin-nan.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Peinture murale Wat Phumin, Nan.JPG",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Peinture_murale_Wat_Phumin%2C_Nan.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APeinture_murale_Wat_Phumin%2C_Nan.JPG",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
     "author": "Ellnik",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Peinture_murale_Wat_Phumin,_Nan.JPG",
     "date": "2007-05-11",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "24c30908650db2d1e6d137e8d8f6c8549fc73e6e806d58304a09b31dea42d34f"
    },
    {
     "file": "murals/murals-wat-phumin-2018-07-30-20.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Wat Phumin 2018-07-30 (20).jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Wat_Phumin_2018-07-30_%2820%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWat_Phumin_2018-07-30_%2820%29.jpg",
     "license": "CC0 1.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
     "author": "Index Librorum Permissorum",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Mural painting of Thai women working and smoking at Wat Phumin, a Buddhist temple in Nan province, Thailand.",
     "date": "2018-07-30 09:47:54",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "88347edec998a6b19ba31b4e56f88b263675bb7e59e1349befc78957a219d1ca"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "wat-phumin",
     "type": "place",
     "name": "Wat Phumin",
     "as": "What a painting is evidence of."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "sample-book",
   "type": "art",
   "names": {
    "name": "The sample book",
    "said": "Burma, 1882 — flash, before the word existed"
   },
   "region": [
    "mainland-southeast-asia"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "kind": "object"
   },
   "when": {
    "from": 1880,
    "to": 1890,
    "circa": true,
    "label": "Described in 1882"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "A book of drawings a Burmese tattooist carried, so the boy could pick his figures and their positions before the work started.",
    "story": "Shway Yoe: \"The best *sayas* carry about sample-books with them containing clever drawings, from which the aspirant may select the patterns he likes best, and mark their relative positions before he takes the opium.\"\n\nThat is a flash sheet, a consultation and a layout, in 1882, in a tradition usually described as though the designs came out of nowhere."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "สมุดภาพที่ช่างสักพม่าพกไป เพื่อให้เด็กเลือกลายและตำแหน่งก่อนเริ่มงาน"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "design-block",
     "as": "The same invention, three times over.",
     "rel": "tool"
    },
    {
     "to": "htoe-kwin",
     "as": "The work it was for.",
     "rel": "tradition"
    }
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:shway-yoe"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "cited",
     "source": "s:shway-yoe"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "high",
   "tags": [
    "lanna",
    "measured"
   ],
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "sample-book/sample-book-bodleian-ms-burm-a-5-fol063-3.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Bodleian Ms. Burm. a. 5 fol063-3.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Bodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol063-3.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABodleian_Ms._Burm._a._5_fol063-3.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY 4.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
     "author": "",
     "credit": "Bodleian Library, Oxford. Shelfmark Ms. Burm. a 5",
     "alt": "Bodleian Ms. Burm. a. 5 fol063-3.jpg",
     "date": "",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "aa65129597620f82ec0d99cbd812b4b1ace59e06812cfb487aabe84bc3e95546"
    },
    {
     "file": "sample-book/sample-book-burmese-kinnara-and-three-headed-peacock.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Burmese Kinnara and three-headed peacock.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Burmese_Kinnara_and_three-headed_peacock.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABurmese_Kinnara_and_three-headed_peacock.jpg",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Unknown authorUnknown author",
     "credit": "Library of Congress, Asian Division (2), Washington, D.C., USA, published online at https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/wb-dream.html (wb0002s-th.jpg), section \"BURMESE WINGED CREATURE\"",
     "alt": "Illustrations in a Manuscript of talismans and tattoos from Burma.\nupper image: half-human, half-bird creature and is known as a \"Kinnara.\" This mythical beast was originally an Indian creation though",
     "date": "19th centurydate QS:P,+1850-00-00T00:00:",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "623e0f13f1fe42501aa782def44f8418d8312ea50134d9fd8902162aa96324ce"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": []
  },
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "stencils",
   "type": "art",
   "names": {
    "name": "The stencil book",
    "th": "แบบสักยันต์สำหรับลอกลาย",
    "said": "A Thai book of yant designs, for tracing"
   },
   "region": [
    "mainland-southeast-asia"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "kind": "object"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "A volume in the corpus this site counted is exactly what its title says: yant patterns for tattooists to trace.",
    "story": "Its first page reads *แบบสักยันต์ · แบบยันต์ต่างๆ · สำหรับช่างสัก* — tattoo-yant patterns, various yant patterns, for tattooists. The plates are columns of Khom-script medallions under finials, birds facing each other into a heart shape, script down both sides.\n\n*Inference —* the existence of a tracing book is the same fact as the Burmese sample book and the Bornean carved block: the repertoire is stored outside anybody's head, and it is stored in the form that transfers to skin."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "เล่มหนึ่งในคลังเอกสารที่เว็บนี้นับ เป็นอย่างที่ชื่อบอกไว้ คือแบบยันต์สำหรับช่างสักลอกลาย"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "sak-yant",
     "as": "The tradition.",
     "rel": "tradition"
    },
    {
     "to": "design-block",
     "as": "The same idea.",
     "rel": "tool"
    }
   ],
   "sources": [
    "s:corpus"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "field"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "high",
   "tags": [
    "lanna",
    "script"
   ],
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "kin_in": []
  }
 ]
}