{
 "traditions": 28,
 "by_method": {
  "poke": 16,
  "tap": 8,
  "cut": 2,
  "mixed": 1,
  "stitch": 1
 },
 "by_status": {
  "dormant": 9,
  "revived": 8,
  "thinning": 6,
  "living": 5
 },
 "marked": {
  "women": 12,
  "both": 11,
  "men": 5
 },
 "marks": {
  "specialist": 14,
  "women": 11,
  "kin": 2,
  "either": 1
 },
 "zones": {
  "arms": 19,
  "hands": 15,
  "face": 13,
  "chest": 13,
  "legs": 11,
  "back": 9,
  "chin": 6,
  "thighs": 6,
  "waist-to-knee": 5,
  "neck": 3,
  "fingers": 3,
  "feet": 2,
  "whole-body": 2,
  "waist-to-ankle": 2,
  "knees": 1,
  "belly": 1,
  "buttocks": 1
 },
 "zone_traditions": {
  "face": [
   "ainu-anchi-piri",
   "amazigh-marks",
   "atayal-ptasan",
   "chin-ming",
   "deq",
   "derung-face",
   "godna",
   "hlai-marks",
   "kakiniit",
   "konyak-naga",
   "marquesan-patutiki",
   "shan-tattooing",
   "ta-moko"
  ],
  "arms": [
   "ainu-anchi-piri",
   "amazigh-marks",
   "batok",
   "coptic-pilgrim",
   "godna",
   "hajichi",
   "hlai-marks",
   "iban-borneo",
   "irezumi",
   "kakiniit",
   "kalinga-cordillera",
   "kayan-borneo",
   "konyak-naga",
   "mentawai-titi",
   "sak-kha-lai",
   "sak-yant",
   "shan-tattooing",
   "sicanje",
   "stick-and-poke"
  ],
  "hands": [
   "ainu-anchi-piri",
   "amazigh-marks",
   "batok",
   "coptic-pilgrim",
   "deq",
   "godna",
   "hajichi",
   "iban-borneo",
   "kakiniit",
   "kalinga-cordillera",
   "kayan-borneo",
   "marquesan-patutiki",
   "mentawai-titi",
   "sicanje",
   "stick-and-poke"
  ],
  "chin": [
   "amazigh-marks",
   "atayal-ptasan",
   "deq",
   "godna",
   "kakiniit",
   "ta-moko"
  ],
  "legs": [
   "amazigh-marks",
   "batok",
   "godna",
   "hlai-marks",
   "htoe-kwin",
   "iban-borneo",
   "irezumi",
   "marquesan-patutiki",
   "mentawai-titi",
   "sak-yant",
   "stick-and-poke"
  ],
  "chest": [
   "batok",
   "coptic-pilgrim",
   "deq",
   "godna",
   "iban-borneo",
   "irezumi",
   "kakiniit",
   "kalinga-cordillera",
   "konyak-naga",
   "mentawai-titi",
   "sak-yant",
   "sicanje",
   "stick-and-poke"
  ],
  "back": [
   "batok",
   "iban-borneo",
   "irezumi",
   "kalinga-cordillera",
   "mentawai-titi",
   "sak-kha-lai",
   "sak-yant",
   "shan-tattooing",
   "tatau"
  ],
  "neck": [
   "deq",
   "hlai-marks",
   "sak-yant"
  ],
  "feet": [
   "deq",
   "kayan-borneo"
  ],
  "fingers": [
   "hajichi",
   "iban-borneo",
   "sak-kha-lai"
  ],
  "waist-to-knee": [
   "htoe-kwin",
   "sak-kha-lai",
   "shan-tattooing",
   "tatau",
   "veiqia"
  ],
  "knees": [
   "htoe-kwin"
  ],
  "thighs": [
   "htoe-kwin",
   "kakiniit",
   "kayan-borneo",
   "ta-moko",
   "tatau",
   "veiqia"
  ],
  "whole-body": [
   "irezumi",
   "marquesan-patutiki"
  ],
  "waist-to-ankle": [
   "sak-kha-lai",
   "shan-tattooing"
  ],
  "belly": [
   "sak-kha-lai"
  ],
  "buttocks": [
   "ta-moko"
  ]
 },
 "placed": 28,
 "coverable": 72,
 "open_skin": 40,
 "coverable_zones": [
  "arms",
  "back",
  "belly",
  "buttocks",
  "chest",
  "feet",
  "knees",
  "legs",
  "thighs",
  "waist-to-ankle",
  "waist-to-knee",
  "whole-body"
 ],
 "open_zones": [
  "chin",
  "face",
  "fingers",
  "forehead",
  "hands",
  "mouth",
  "neck",
  "tongue"
 ],
 "banned": [
  "ainu-anchi-piri",
  "amazigh-marks",
  "atayal-ptasan",
  "chin-ming",
  "hajichi",
  "htoe-kwin",
  "sak-kha-lai"
 ],
 "banned_on_open_skin": [
  "ainu-anchi-piri",
  "amazigh-marks",
  "atayal-ptasan",
  "chin-ming",
  "hajichi",
  "sak-kha-lai"
 ],
 "breaks": [
  {
   "id": "ainu-anchi-piri",
   "name": "Ainu anchi-piri",
   "from": 1900,
   "to": 2026,
   "gap": 126,
   "revived": null,
   "status": "dormant"
  },
  {
   "id": "hajichi",
   "name": "Hajichi",
   "from": 1899,
   "to": 2015,
   "gap": 116,
   "revived": 2015,
   "status": "revived"
  },
  {
   "id": "veiqia",
   "name": "Veiqia",
   "from": 1910,
   "to": 2015,
   "gap": 105,
   "revived": 2015,
   "status": "revived"
  },
  {
   "id": "atayal-ptasan",
   "name": "Atayal ptasan",
   "from": 1930,
   "to": 2026,
   "gap": 96,
   "revived": null,
   "status": "dormant"
  },
  {
   "id": "kakiniit",
   "name": "Kakiniit",
   "from": 1920,
   "to": 2016,
   "gap": 96,
   "revived": 2016,
   "status": "revived"
  },
  {
   "id": "ta-moko",
   "name": "Tā moko",
   "from": 1907,
   "to": 1990,
   "gap": 83,
   "revived": 1990,
   "status": "revived"
  },
  {
   "id": "sicanje",
   "name": "Sicanje",
   "from": 1945,
   "to": 2026,
   "gap": 81,
   "revived": null,
   "status": "dormant"
  },
  {
   "id": "marquesan-patutiki",
   "name": "Patutiki",
   "from": 1900,
   "to": 1980,
   "gap": 80,
   "revived": 1980,
   "status": "revived"
  },
  {
   "id": "hlai-marks",
   "name": "Hlai women's marks",
   "from": 1950,
   "to": 2026,
   "gap": 76,
   "revived": null,
   "status": "dormant"
  },
  {
   "id": "chin-ming",
   "name": "Chin facial tattooing",
   "from": 1965,
   "to": 2026,
   "gap": 61,
   "revived": null,
   "status": "dormant"
  },
  {
   "id": "derung-face",
   "name": "Derung face marks",
   "from": 1967,
   "to": 2026,
   "gap": 59,
   "revived": null,
   "status": "dormant"
  },
  {
   "id": "konyak-naga",
   "name": "Konyak marks",
   "from": 1970,
   "to": 2026,
   "gap": 56,
   "revived": null,
   "status": "dormant"
  },
  {
   "id": "amazigh-marks",
   "name": "Amazigh marks",
   "from": 1980,
   "to": 2026,
   "gap": 46,
   "revived": null,
   "status": "dormant"
  }
 ],
 "countries": {
  "MM": 6,
  "JP": 4,
  "TH": 4,
  "CN": 3,
  "ID": 3,
  "PH": 2,
  "IN": 2,
  "MY": 2,
  "CA": 2,
  "US": 2,
  "FJ": 2,
  "RU": 1,
  "MA": 1,
  "DZ": 1,
  "TN": 1,
  "LY": 1,
  "TW": 1,
  "IL": 1,
  "PS": 1,
  "EG": 1,
  "ET": 1,
  "TR": 1,
  "IQ": 1,
  "SY": 1,
  "IR": 1,
  "NP": 1,
  "GY": 1,
  "TT": 1,
  "GL": 1,
  "PF": 1,
  "KH": 1,
  "LA": 1,
  "BA": 1,
  "HR": 1,
  "GB": 1,
  "DE": 1,
  "FR": 1,
  "AU": 1,
  "NZ": 1,
  "WS": 1,
  "AS": 1,
  "TO": 1
 },
 "clothing": [
  {
   "id": "batok",
   "name": "Batok",
   "quote": "appears to be dressed in a kind of handsome armor engraved with very fine work… their dress at home and in their barrio is their tattoos and a bahag",
   "lang": "Spanish, of Visayan work",
   "source": "s:wp-batok",
   "year": 1668,
   "garment": "armour"
  },
  {
   "id": "htoe-kwin",
   "name": "Htoe kwin",
   "quote": "not so much of a marking of the cuticle as of a skin-tight pair of caleçons, fitting better than the best glove ever made",
   "lang": "English, of Burmese work",
   "source": "s:shway-yoe",
   "year": 1882,
   "garment": "trousers"
  },
  {
   "id": "sak-kha-lai",
   "name": "Sak kha lai",
   "quote": "จนดูเหมือนนุ่งกางเกงสีดำ — until it looked as if they wore black trousers",
   "lang": "Northern Thai",
   "source": "s:ms6968",
   "year": 2010,
   "garment": "trousers"
  },
  {
   "id": "kalinga-cordillera",
   "name": "Cordilleran whatok",
   "quote": "Having no tattoos was formerly equated to being naked.",
   "lang": "English, of Cordilleran practice",
   "source": "s:wp-batok",
   "year": 2020,
   "garment": "clothes"
  },
  {
   "id": "tatau",
   "name": "Tatau",
   "quote": "Untattooed Samoan males are colloquially referred to as telefua or telenoa, literally \"naked\".",
   "lang": "Samoan",
   "source": "s:wp-pe-a",
   "year": 2020,
   "garment": "clothes"
  }
 ],
 "timeline": [
  {
   "id": "gebelein",
   "type": "find",
   "name": "The Gebelein mummies",
   "from": -3400,
   "to": -3000,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Naqada II; EA 32751 calibrated 3341–3017 BCE",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "otzi",
   "type": "find",
   "name": "Ötzi",
   "from": -3300,
   "to": -3100,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Radiocarbon range for the body",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "kakiniit",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Kakiniit",
   "from": -2000,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Suppressed by missionaries; revived deliberately from 2016",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "chinchorro-man",
   "type": "find",
   "name": "Chinchorro Mo-1 T28 C22",
   "from": -1980,
   "to": -1780,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "1880 ± 100 BCE",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "batok",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Batok",
   "from": -1500,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Hafted tattoo tools at Arku Cave before 1500 BCE; still being tapped in Buscalan",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "arku-cave",
   "type": "find",
   "name": "The Arku Cave tools",
   "from": -1500,
   "to": -1400,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Dated before 1500 BCE",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "amazigh-marks",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Amazigh marks",
   "from": -1000,
   "to": 1980,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Largely ended in the twentieth century under religious discouragement",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "tatau",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Tatau",
   "from": -1000,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Unbroken: the two tufuga families hold the titles still",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "deq",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Deq",
   "from": -500,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Older than the three religions of the region; now mostly on elderly faces",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "ice-maiden",
   "type": "find",
   "name": "The Ukok woman",
   "from": -450,
   "to": -400,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "5th century BCE",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "htoe-kwin",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Htoe kwin",
   "from": 1100,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Tang-dynasty notice of tattooed Pyu dancers; thinning after 1900, still done",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "kalinga-cordillera",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Cordilleran whatok",
   "from": 1200,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Mummies from the 13th century carry it; Whang-od still taps it",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "cordilleran-mummies",
   "type": "find",
   "name": "The Cordilleran mummies",
   "from": 1200,
   "to": 1500,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Oldest surviving examples from the 13th century",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "coptic-pilgrim",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "The pilgrim's cross",
   "from": 1300,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "A single family has been tattooing pilgrims for about 700 years",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "hlai-marks",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Hlai women's marks",
   "from": 1300,
   "to": 1950,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Ended in the mid-twentieth century",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "shan-tattooing",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Shan leg tattooing",
   "from": 1300,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Chinese annals notice Shans tattooing their foreheads; Milne describes the leg work in 1910",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "sak-yant",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Sak yant",
   "from": 1400,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Living, and the one tradition on this site a visitor can walk into",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "qilakitsoq",
   "type": "find",
   "name": "The Qilakitsoq women",
   "from": 1460,
   "to": 1490,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "About 1475",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "marquesan-patutiki",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Patutiki",
   "from": 1500,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Suppressed by mission and administration; documented by Handy in 1922, revived since the 1980s",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "sak-kha-lai",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Sak kha lai",
   "from": 1500,
   "to": 1930,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Mural evidence from the 1800s; gone within a generation of electric light",
   "label_th": "หลักฐานจิตรกรรมจากคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 หายไปภายในชั่วอายุคนหลังไฟฟ้าเข้าหมู่บ้าน"
  },
  {
   "id": "sicanje",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Sicanje",
   "from": 1500,
   "to": 1945,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Died out after the Second World War; the designs are being used again by machine",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "ta-moko",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Tā moko",
   "from": 1500,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Men's moko stopped about 1860; women's continued; revived from 1990",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "pintados",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The painted ones",
   "from": 1521,
   "to": 1700,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Conversion, and the loss of the tradition across the lowlands",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "ainu-anchi-piri",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Ainu anchi-piri",
   "from": 1600,
   "to": 1900,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Prohibited under Japanese rule; the last tattooed women died in the twentieth century",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "atayal-ptasan",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Atayal ptasan",
   "from": 1600,
   "to": 1930,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Banned by the Japanese administration in 1930",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "hajichi",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Hajichi",
   "from": 1600,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Banned by Japan in 1899; taken up again by Okinawan women in the 2010s",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "exhibited",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Exhibited",
   "from": 1690,
   "to": 1940,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "From the first tattooed men brought to London to the last sideshows",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "godna",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Godna",
   "from": 1700,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Carried by tattooing castes and by women of many tribal communities; thinning",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "irezumi",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Irezumi",
   "from": 1700,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "Outlawed in the Meiji period, legalised in 1948, still marked as criminal",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "veiqia",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Veiqia",
   "from": 1700,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "One tattooist left by 1908; revived by an artists' collective in the 2010s",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "cook-1769",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "How the word got in",
   "from": 1769,
   "to": 1774,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "Cook's first voyage, and Mai in London",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "chin-ming",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Chin facial tattooing",
   "from": 1800,
   "to": 1960,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Banned in the 1960s; the last tattooed women are elderly",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "derung-face",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Derung face marks",
   "from": 1800,
   "to": 1960,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "The last tattooed Derung women are elderly",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "konyak-naga",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Konyak marks",
   "from": 1800,
   "to": 1970,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Ended with headhunting and conversion; the marked men are the last generation",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "murals",
   "type": "art",
   "name": "The murals",
   "from": 1800,
   "to": 1900,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Nineteenth-century Lanna temple painting",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "iban-borneo",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Iban tattooing",
   "from": 1850,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Described by Hose and McDougall in 1912; carried by the last headhunters into the 2000s",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "kayan-borneo",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Kayan tattooing",
   "from": 1850,
   "to": 2000,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Hose and McDougall describe the full sequence in 1912",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "mentawai-titi",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Mentawai titi",
   "from": 1850,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Still carried by elders on Siberut",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "shway-yoe",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Shway Yoe",
   "from": 1851,
   "to": 1935,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "The Burman: His Life and Notions, 1882",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "milne-shans",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Leslie Milne",
   "from": 1860,
   "to": 1932,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Shans at Home, London, 1910",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "saya-chein",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Saya Chein",
   "from": 1870,
   "to": 1890,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Working when Shway Yoe was writing",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "meiji-ban",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "Japan outlaws it",
   "from": 1872,
   "to": 1948,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "Banned at the opening of Meiji; legalised under the occupation",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "sample-book",
   "type": "art",
   "name": "The sample book",
   "from": 1880,
   "to": 1890,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Described in 1882",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "machine",
   "type": "method",
   "name": "Machine",
   "from": 1891,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "Samuel O'Reilly's patent, and everything after it",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "truhelka-gluck",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Truhelka and Glück",
   "from": 1894,
   "to": 1900,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "Vienna, 1894",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "tohunga-act",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The Tohunga Suppression Act",
   "from": 1907,
   "to": 1962,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "In force until 1962",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "rabali",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Rabali",
   "from": 1908,
   "to": 1910,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "The last recorded working years",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "whang-od",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Whang-od Oggay",
   "from": 1917,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Tattooing since about fifteen",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "chin-ban",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The Chin ban",
   "from": 1962,
   "to": 1970,
   "circa": true,
   "label": "Banned by the Union Revolutionary Council",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "stick-and-poke",
   "type": "tradition",
   "name": "Stick and poke",
   "from": 1970,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "The contemporary hand-poke scene, and its prison ancestor",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "veiqia-project",
   "type": "org",
   "name": "The Veiqia Project",
   "from": 2015,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "From the mid-2010s",
   "label_th": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "hovak-johnston",
   "type": "person",
   "name": "Hovak Johnston",
   "from": 2016,
   "to": 2026,
   "circa": false,
   "label": "The Inuit Tattoo Revitalization Project",
   "label_th": ""
  }
 ],
 "words": [
  {
   "id": "anchi-piri",
   "name": "anchi-piri",
   "local": "アンチピリ",
   "lang": "Ainu",
   "means": "other",
   "gloss": "Obsidian and a cut: the word carries the tool and the wound, and no word for ink.",
   "region": "east-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "batok-word",
   "name": "batok",
   "local": "batok",
   "lang": "Visayan / Kalinga",
   "means": "pattern",
   "gloss": "From Proto-Austronesian *beCik, tattoo, with relatives *patik, mottled, and *burik, speckled — the word for a pattern, applied to skin, cloth and pot alike.",
   "region": "island-southeast-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "deq-word",
   "name": "deq",
   "local": "deq",
   "lang": "Kurdish",
   "means": "prick",
   "gloss": "From Syriac *dyoqo*, puncturing. A male tattooist is *deqqak*, a female one *deqqake*.",
   "region": "west-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "godna-word",
   "name": "godna",
   "local": "गोदना",
   "lang": "Hindi",
   "means": "prick",
   "gloss": "To prick. The noun for the tattoo and the verb for the needle are the same word.",
   "region": "south-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "hajichi-word",
   "name": "hajichi",
   "local": "針突",
   "lang": "Okinawan",
   "means": "prick",
   "gloss": "Needle-strike. Written with the characters for needle and thrust.",
   "region": "east-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "htoe-kwin-word",
   "name": "htoe kwin",
   "local": "ထိုးကွင်း",
   "lang": "Burmese",
   "means": "prick",
   "gloss": "*Htoe* is to prick or pierce; *kwin* is a ring or an enclosure. The name describes the framed rings the figures sit in.",
   "region": "mainland-southeast-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "irezumi-word",
   "name": "irezumi",
   "local": "入れ墨",
   "lang": "Japanese",
   "means": "other",
   "gloss": "Inserting ink. The word names the material and the direction of travel, and nothing about the hand.",
   "region": "east-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "kakiniq",
   "name": "kakiniq",
   "local": "ᑲᑭᓐᓂᖅ",
   "lang": "Inuktitut",
   "means": "prick",
   "gloss": "From the Proto-Inuit-Yupik root *kaki-, to pierce or prick — the same root across Iñupiaq, Inuktitut, West Greenlandic and Tunumiit.",
   "region": "arctic"
  },
  {
   "id": "lao-phung-dam",
   "name": "lao phung dam",
   "local": "ลาวพุงดำ",
   "lang": "Thai",
   "means": "other",
   "gloss": "\"Black-bellied Lao\" — a central Thai name for the tattooed northerner, applied from outside and carrying a view with it.",
   "region": "lanna"
  },
  {
   "id": "ming",
   "name": "ming",
   "local": "Ming",
   "lang": "Chin",
   "means": "pattern",
   "gloss": "The Chin word for the facial marks. Banned by name in the 1960s.",
   "region": "mainland-southeast-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "moko",
   "name": "moko",
   "local": "moko",
   "lang": "Māori",
   "means": "pattern",
   "gloss": "*Tā* is to strike; *moko* is the design itself. The verb in the name is the mallet, not the point.",
   "region": "oceania"
  },
  {
   "id": "ptasan",
   "name": "ptasan",
   "local": "ptasan",
   "lang": "Squliq Atayal",
   "means": "write",
   "gloss": "Related to the Atayal word for writing and marking — the face as a written surface.",
   "region": "east-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "sak-kha-lai-word",
   "name": "sak kha lai",
   "local": "สักขาลาย",
   "lang": "Northern Thai",
   "means": "pattern",
   "gloss": "To prick the legs in patterns — the verb, the body part and the word for pattern, in that order. No separate noun for the tattoo is needed.",
   "region": "lanna"
  },
  {
   "id": "sak",
   "name": "sak",
   "local": "สัก",
   "lang": "Thai / Khmer",
   "means": "prick",
   "gloss": "To prick. The Khmer root *cɔkʔ* means the same, and the Khmer dictionary keeps it native rather than borrowed.",
   "region": "mainland-southeast-asia"
  },
  {
   "id": "sicanje-word",
   "name": "sicanje",
   "local": "sicanje",
   "lang": "Croatian",
   "means": "prick",
   "gloss": "Pricking. Colloquially also *bocanje* and *bockanje*, which mean the same and sound like it.",
   "region": "europe"
  },
  {
   "id": "tatau-word",
   "name": "tatau",
   "local": "tatau",
   "lang": "Samoan",
   "means": "strike",
   "gloss": "The Polynesian word English borrowed. Cook's crew wrote it down in 1769 and it displaced every English word for the practice.",
   "region": "oceania"
  },
  {
   "id": "tua-mueang",
   "name": "tua mueang",
   "local": "ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩨᨦ",
   "lang": "Northern Thai",
   "means": "write",
   "gloss": "The northern letters — Tai Tham script, the script of the region's manuscripts and of the yant that go on northern skin. Khom is the central convention, not the northern one.",
   "region": "lanna"
  },
  {
   "id": "veiqia-word",
   "name": "veiqia",
   "local": "veiqia",
   "lang": "Fijian",
   "means": "other",
   "gloss": "The practice and the marks, in one word — and a tattooist is a *dauveiqia*, one who does veiqia.",
   "region": "oceania"
  }
 ],
 "by_means": {
  "prick": 7,
  "other": 4,
  "pattern": 4,
  "write": 2,
  "strike": 1
 },
 "names": {
  "ainu-anchi-piri": "Ainu anchi-piri",
  "amazigh-marks": "Amazigh marks",
  "atayal-ptasan": "Atayal ptasan",
  "batok": "Batok",
  "chin-ming": "Chin facial tattooing",
  "coptic-pilgrim": "The pilgrim's cross",
  "deq": "Deq",
  "derung-face": "Derung face marks",
  "godna": "Godna",
  "hajichi": "Hajichi",
  "hlai-marks": "Hlai women's marks",
  "htoe-kwin": "Htoe kwin",
  "iban-borneo": "Iban tattooing",
  "irezumi": "Irezumi",
  "kakiniit": "Kakiniit",
  "kalinga-cordillera": "Cordilleran whatok",
  "kayan-borneo": "Kayan tattooing",
  "konyak-naga": "Konyak marks",
  "marquesan-patutiki": "Patutiki",
  "mentawai-titi": "Mentawai titi",
  "sak-kha-lai": "Sak kha lai",
  "sak-yant": "Sak yant",
  "shan-tattooing": "Shan leg tattooing",
  "sicanje": "Sicanje",
  "stick-and-poke": "Stick and poke",
  "ta-moko": "Tā moko",
  "tatau": "Tatau",
  "veiqia": "Veiqia",
  "cut": "Cut",
  "machine": "Machine",
  "poke": "Poke",
  "stitch": "Stitch",
  "tap": "Tap",
  "au": "Au",
  "design-block": "The design block",
  "gisi-pat-ik": "Gisi and pat-ik",
  "hnitkwasok": "Hnitkwasok",
  "khem-sak": "Khem sak",
  "lek-char": "Lek char",
  "needle-and-sinew": "Needle and sinew",
  "nomi": "Nomi",
  "uhi": "Uhi",
  "awheto-ngarehu": "Awheto and ngarehu",
  "indigo": "Indigo",
  "lampblack": "Lampblack",
  "nara-ink": "Nara ink",
  "pen-ink": "Pen ink",
  "soot-honey": "Soot and honey",
  "soot-milk": "Soot and milk",
  "soot-water": "Soot and water",
  "vermilion": "Vermilion",
  "bungai-terung": "The aubergine flower",
  "cat-monkey": "Cats and monkeys",
  "chin-grid": "The face grids",
  "framed-animal": "The framed animal",
  "gayaman": "The centipede",
  "hanuman": "Hanuman",
  "moko-kauae": "Moko kauae",
  "mystic-square": "The lettered square",
  "pilgrim-cross": "The pilgrim's cross",
  "sedna-hands": "Sedna's hands",
  "khan-tang": "Khan tang",
  "kho-ham": "The rules",
  "the-pain": "Bearing it",
  "the-timing": "When it is done",
  "who-holds-you": "Who holds you still",
  "ajarn-dang-sak": "Ajarn Dang and Ajarn Sak",
  "hovak-johnston": "Hovak Johnston",
  "milne-shans": "Leslie Milne",
  "rabali": "Rabali",
  "saya-chein": "Saya Chein",
  "shway-yoe": "Shway Yoe",
  "sulu-ape": "The Sulu'ape line",
  "truhelka-gluck": "Truhelka and Glück",
  "whang-od": "Whang-od Oggay",
  "buscalan": "Buscalan",
  "chiang-mai": "Chiang Mai",
  "kengtung": "Kengtung",
  "mandalay": "Mandalay",
  "ukok": "The Ukok Plateau",
  "wat-phumin": "Wat Phumin",
  "anchi-piri": "anchi-piri",
  "batok-word": "batok",
  "deq-word": "deq",
  "godna-word": "godna",
  "hajichi-word": "hajichi",
  "htoe-kwin-word": "htoe kwin",
  "irezumi-word": "irezumi",
  "kakiniq": "kakiniq",
  "lao-phung-dam": "lao phung dam",
  "ming": "ming",
  "moko": "moko",
  "ptasan": "ptasan",
  "sak-kha-lai-word": "sak kha lai",
  "sak": "sak",
  "sicanje-word": "sicanje",
  "tatau-word": "tatau",
  "tua-mueang": "tua mueang",
  "veiqia-word": "veiqia",
  "body": "Where the marks go",
  "chin-ban": "The Chin ban",
  "clothing": "The tattoo is clothing",
  "cook-1769": "How the word got in",
  "coverage": "Who gets written about",
  "exhibited": "Exhibited",
  "legs": "The leg-tattoo zone",
  "meiji-ban": "Japan outlaws it",
  "pintados": "The painted ones",
  "revival": "Stopped, and started again",
  "timeline": "Five thousand years",
  "tohunga-act": "The Tohunga Suppression Act",
  "words": "What the word means first",
  "arku-cave": "The Arku Cave tools",
  "chinchorro-man": "Chinchorro Mo-1 T28 C22",
  "cordilleran-mummies": "The Cordilleran mummies",
  "gebelein": "The Gebelein mummies",
  "ice-maiden": "The Ukok woman",
  "otzi": "Ötzi",
  "qilakitsoq": "The Qilakitsoq women",
  "murals": "The murals",
  "sample-book": "The sample book",
  "stencils": "The stencil book",
  "sak-yant-chiang-mai": "Sak Yant Chiang Mai",
  "veiqia-project": "The Veiqia Project",
  "wichaa": "wichaa.net",
  "the-needle-now": "The needle now",
  "the-photographs": "The photographs",
  "what-counts": "What counts as hand-poked",
  "who-wrote-it-down": "Who wrote it down",
  "whose-designs": "Whose designs"
 }
}