{
 "type": "place",
 "count": 6,
 "nodes": [
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "buscalan",
   "type": "place",
   "names": {
    "name": "Buscalan",
    "said": "Tinglayan, Kalinga, northern Luzon"
   },
   "region": [
    "island-southeast-asia"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "family": "tap"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The village in the Kalinga highlands where batok is still tapped, and where the visitors go.",
    "story": "Buscalan sits in Tinglayan, in mountains the Spanish never took, which is the reason there is anything left to visit."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "หมู่บ้านบนที่สูงกาลิงกา ที่ยังตอกลายกันอยู่ และที่ผู้มาเยือนไป"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "whang-od",
     "as": "Who works there.",
     "rel": "person"
    }
   ],
   "geo": {
    "lat": 17.3833,
    "lon": 121.1,
    "precision": "village",
    "source": "s:wp-tinglayan"
   },
   "sources": [
    "s:wp-tinglayan",
    "s:wp-kalinga-province"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "cited",
     "source": "s:wp-tinglayan"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "whang-od",
     "type": "person",
     "name": "Whang-od Oggay",
     "as": "The village."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "chiang-mai",
   "type": "place",
   "names": {
    "name": "Chiang Mai",
    "th": "เชียงใหม่",
    "said": "The Lanna capital, and where this site is made"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "family": "poke"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The old capital of Lanna: where the leg tattoo was ordinary, where the yant is still done, and where this site is written.",
    "story": "Two traditions and one city. The leg work is gone from it; the yant is not. The masters working here publish lineages that run back through Burmese and Tai Yai teaching, which is the border that this site's leg-tattoo map is drawn around.\n\nThe script on a northern yant is the northern script. That is the correction this site keeps repeating, because the central Thai convention gets written up as though it were the whole country's."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "เมืองหลวงเก่าของล้านนา ที่ซึ่งลายขาเคยเป็นเรื่องธรรมดา ที่ซึ่งยันต์ยังถูกสัก และที่ซึ่งเว็บนี้ถูกเขียนขึ้น"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "sak-kha-lai",
     "as": "What was ordinary here.",
     "rel": "tradition"
    },
    {
     "to": "sak-yant",
     "as": "What is still done here.",
     "rel": "tradition"
    }
   ],
   "geo": {
    "lat": 18.7883,
    "lon": 98.9853,
    "precision": "city",
    "source": "s:thwp-จ-งหว-ดเช-ยงใหม-"
   },
   "sources": [
    "s:thwp-จ-งหว-ดเช-ยงใหม-",
    "s:wp-chiang-mai",
    "s:wp-lan-na"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "cited",
     "source": "s:wp-lan-na"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "high",
   "tags": [
    "lanna",
    "start-here"
   ],
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "kin_in": []
  },
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "kengtung",
   "type": "place",
   "names": {
    "name": "Kengtung",
    "my": "ကျိုင်းတုံ",
    "said": "Eastern Shan State — Tai Khuen country, between Chiang Mai and the Mekong"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna",
    "mainland-southeast-asia"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "family": "poke"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The eastern Shan town that sits in the middle of the leg-tattoo zone, and in the middle of the Tai world the zone is drawn on.",
    "story": "Kengtung's people are Tai Khuen, whose script and manuscripts belong with Lanna's rather than with Burma's. *Inference —* the leg tattoo distribution follows this cultural geography, not the modern border: Burma, the Shan States, the Tai Khuen and Tai Lue towns, and Lanna, with central Siam outside it."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "เมืองในรัฐฉานตะวันออก อยู่กลางเขตลายขา และกลางโลกไทที่เขตนั้นถูกวาดทับ"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "legs",
     "as": "The zone.",
     "rel": "story"
    },
    {
     "to": "shan-tattooing",
     "as": "The tradition.",
     "rel": "tradition"
    }
   ],
   "geo": {
    "lat": 21.2917,
    "lon": 99.6,
    "precision": "town",
    "source": "s:wp-kengtung"
   },
   "sources": [
    "s:wp-kengtung",
    "s:wp-khuen-people"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "cited",
     "source": "s:wp-kengtung"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "tags": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "legs",
     "type": "story",
     "name": "The leg-tattoo zone",
     "as": "A town in the centre of it."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "mandalay",
   "type": "place",
   "names": {
    "name": "Mandalay",
    "my": "မန္တလေး",
    "said": "The last royal capital, and Shway Yoe's beat"
   },
   "region": [
    "mainland-southeast-asia"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "family": "poke"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "Upper Burma's capital until 1885, and the centre of the country whose men were, in Shway Yoe's account, all tattooed.",
    "story": "The contrast in his chapter is between town and country: the \"puny Rangoonites\" who skip the tattoo and are ashamed of it, and the *taw-tha* of the small towns and villages, not one of whom is without the dark blue tracery.\n\n*Inference —* he is describing the beginning of the end and does not know it. Colonial rule reached the towns first, and the custom went from the towns first."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "เมืองหลวงของพม่าตอนบนจนถึงปี 1885 และศูนย์กลางของประเทศที่ผู้ชายทุกคนมีลายสัก ในบันทึกของเชวโย"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "htoe-kwin",
     "as": "The tradition.",
     "rel": "tradition"
    },
    {
     "to": "shway-yoe",
     "as": "The observer.",
     "rel": "person"
    }
   ],
   "geo": {
    "lat": 21.9588,
    "lon": 96.0891,
    "precision": "city",
    "source": "s:wp-mandalay"
   },
   "sources": [
    "s:wp-mandalay",
    "s:shway-yoe"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "cited",
     "source": "s:shway-yoe"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "high",
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "kin_in": []
  },
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "ukok",
   "type": "place",
   "names": {
    "name": "The Ukok Plateau",
    "said": "Altai, Siberia — where the ice kept a tattooed shoulder for 2,400 years"
   },
   "region": [
    "siberia"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "family": "poke"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The high plateau on the Russian–Chinese–Mongolian frontier where frozen Pazyryk burials preserved tattooed skin.",
    "story": "Water got into the burial chamber through a robber's shaft, froze, and sealed everything inside a block of ice under stone and permafrost. Clothing, wood, horses and skin came out of it."
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "ice-maiden",
     "as": "Who was in it.",
     "rel": "find"
    }
   ],
   "geo": {
    "lat": 49.3,
    "lon": 87.5,
    "precision": "region",
    "source": "s:wp-siberian-ice-maiden"
   },
   "sources": [
    "s:wp-siberian-ice-maiden",
    "s:wp-pazyryk-culture"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "cited",
     "source": "s:wp-siberian-ice-maiden"
    }
   },
   "confidence": "high",
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "ice-maiden",
     "type": "find",
     "name": "The Ukok woman",
     "as": "The place."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "schema": 1,
   "id": "wat-phumin",
   "type": "place",
   "names": {
    "name": "Wat Phumin",
    "th": "วัดภูมินทร์",
    "said": "Nan — the murals with the tattooed legs in them"
   },
   "region": [
    "lanna"
   ],
   "facets": {
    "family": "poke"
   },
   "text": {
    "what": "The temple in Nan whose nineteenth-century murals show northern men with their legs and torsos marked.",
    "story": "The Lanna volume this site quotes says the evidence for the leg tattoo is in the murals of important temples, and promises examples. Wat Phumin is the best known of them: its wall paintings are the standard illustration of northern dress, northern faces and northern skin.\n\n*Inference —* a mural is evidence that a painter expected to see marked legs, which is not quite the same as evidence of any particular man's marks. It is strong for pattern and weak for detail, and this site treats it that way."
   },
   "text_th": {
    "what": "วัดในจังหวัดน่าน จิตรกรรมฝาผนังศตวรรษที่ 19 แสดงชายเหนือที่มีลายบนขาและลำตัว",
    "story": "หนังสือล้านนาที่เว็บนี้อ้างบอกว่าหลักฐานของลายขาอยู่ในจิตรกรรมฝาผนังของวัดสำคัญ และสัญญาว่าจะยกตัวอย่าง วัดภูมินทร์เป็นที่รู้จักที่สุดในกลุ่มนั้น\n\n*อนุมาน —* จิตรกรรมเป็นหลักฐานว่าจิตรกรคาดว่าจะเห็นขาที่มีลาย ซึ่งไม่เท่ากับหลักฐานของลายบนขาชายคนใดคนหนึ่ง"
   },
   "kin": [
    {
     "to": "sak-kha-lai",
     "as": "What it shows.",
     "rel": "tradition"
    },
    {
     "to": "murals",
     "as": "What a painting is evidence of.",
     "rel": "art"
    }
   ],
   "geo": {
    "lat": 18.7748,
    "lon": 100.7714,
    "precision": "building",
    "source": "s:thwp-ว-ดภ-ม-นทร-"
   },
   "sources": [
    "s:thwp-ว-ดภ-ม-นทร-",
    "s:wp-wat-phumin",
    "s:ms6968"
   ],
   "provenance": {
    "default": {
     "tier": "cited",
     "source": "s:ms6968"
    },
    "fields": {
     "text_th": {
      "tier": "inference",
      "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
     }
    }
   },
   "confidence": "medium",
   "tags": [
    "lanna",
    "start-here"
   ],
   "updated": "2026-09-19",
   "images": [
    {
     "file": "wat-phumin/wat-phumin-2013-wat-phumin-mural-01.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:2013 Wat Phumin mural 01.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/2013_Wat_Phumin_mural_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A2013_Wat_Phumin_mural_01.jpg",
     "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
     "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
     "author": "Takeaway",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Murals of Wat Phumin",
     "date": "2013-12-11 09:38:16",
     "primary": true,
     "sha256": "6d39df1bbb4b0c8bd6a367ea5aad93253566e04d46ecb925c25e41fac22db0c7"
    },
    {
     "file": "wat-phumin/wat-phumin-painting-of-the-governor-of-nan-at-phumin-temple.jpg",
     "source": "commons",
     "title": "File:Painting of the governor of Nan At Phumin Temple.jpg",
     "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Painting_of_the_governor_of_Nan_At_Phumin_Temple.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
     "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APainting_of_the_governor_of_Nan_At_Phumin_Temple.jpg",
     "license": "Public domain",
     "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain",
     "author": "Painting: Nan Bua Phan (death date unknown).[1][2]",
     "credit": "Own work",
     "alt": "Painting on the eastern pillar of the wall of Wat Phumin in Nan, Thailand, believed to be Chao Anantaworaritthidet, the governor of Nan at the time, but may also be King Suriyaphongpharitdet.",
     "date": "between 1902 and 1903date QS:P,+1902-00-",
     "primary": false,
     "sha256": "a9d5d1a28596410c9c157133fcf0a6e1ef2594cf81371f23eac665aa51fd197e"
    }
   ],
   "kin_in": [
    {
     "from": "murals",
     "type": "art",
     "name": "The murals",
     "as": "The best-known wall."
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}