{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "kalinga-cordillera",
 "type": "tradition",
 "names": {
  "name": "Cordilleran whatok",
  "local": "whatok",
  "local_lang": "Kalinga",
  "aliases": [
   "fatek",
   "batok"
  ],
  "said": "The best-kept of the Philippine traditions, because the mountains were never taken"
 },
 "region": [
  "island-southeast-asia"
 ],
 "facets": {
  "family": "tap",
  "status": "revived"
 },
 "when": {
  "from": 1200,
  "to": 2026,
  "circa": true,
  "label": "Mummies from the 13th century carry it; Whang-od still taps it"
 },
 "practice": {
  "method": "tap",
  "tool": "gisi-pat-ik",
  "ink": "soot-water",
  "placement": [
   "arms",
   "chest",
   "hands",
   "back"
  ],
  "marked": "both",
  "marks": "specialist",
  "status": "revived",
  "countries": [
   "PH"
  ],
  "first_record": 1200,
  "note": "Chest work for a man who had taken a head; arm work for everyone else."
 },
 "text": {
  "what": "The Cordillera mountains of northern Luzon, where Spanish rule never reached and the tattooing was never interrupted.",
  "story": "Cordilleran mummies in cave and hanging-coffin burials carry tattoos going back to the thirteenth century, individualised, covering an adult woman's arms and an adult man's whole body — and the coffins carry the patterns carved on the outside.\n\nHeadhunting chest work went first, when headhunting stopped. Arm and decorative work lasted longer. Elders among the Bontoc and Kalinga still carry it; among the Kankanaey, Apayao and Ibaloi it is believed gone."
 },
 "text_th": {
  "what": "เทือกเขาคอร์ดิลเยราทางเหนือของลูซอน ที่สเปนไปไม่ถึง และการสักไม่เคยถูกตัดขาด"
 },
 "kin": [
  {
   "to": "batok",
   "as": "The wider Philippine family this sits inside.",
   "rel": "tradition"
  },
  {
   "to": "whang-od",
   "as": "The practitioner everyone has heard of.",
   "rel": "person"
  }
 ],
 "links": [
  {
   "label": "Kalinga people",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_people"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  "s:wp-batok",
  "s:wp-kalinga-people",
  "s:wp-bontoc-people"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-batok"
  },
  "fields": {
   "text_th": {
    "tier": "inference",
    "note": "written in Thai by this project, not machine-translated"
   }
  }
 },
 "confidence": "high",
 "tags": [
  "revival"
 ],
 "x_clothing": {
  "quote": "Having no tattoos was formerly equated to being naked.",
  "lang": "English, of Cordilleran practice",
  "source": "s:wp-batok",
  "year": 2020,
  "garment": "clothes"
 },
 "geo": {
  "lat": 17.38,
  "lon": 121.1,
  "precision": "region",
  "source": "s:commons"
 },
 "updated": "2026-09-19",
 "kin_in": [
  {
   "from": "pintados",
   "type": "story",
   "name": "The painted ones",
   "as": "The mountains, where it did not happen."
  },
  {
   "from": "cordilleran-mummies",
   "type": "find",
   "name": "The Cordilleran mummies",
   "as": "The tradition."
  },
  {
   "from": "whose-designs",
   "type": "issue",
   "name": "Whose designs",
   "as": "Where the rule is stated plainly."
  }
 ]
}