{
 "id": "cruller-word",
 "type": "term",
 "names": {
  "name": "Cruller",
  "aliases": [
   "kruller",
   "crulla"
  ],
  "said": "One word, three pastries, and no authority to appeal to."
 },
 "region": [
  "us"
 ],
 "facets": {
  "letter": "C",
  "part_of_speech": "noun"
 },
 "text": {
  "what": "In North America: either a small loaf- or stick-shaped cake donut, or the choux ring sold as a French cruller.",
  "story": "From the Dutch kruller, from krullen, to curl. Pennsylvania Dutch settlers brought it in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In Europe the shape is a twist or a plaited rectangle pulled through itself; northern Germany calls those Hirschhörner, deer horns, and Scandinavia makes them at Christmas — klejner in Danish, klenäter in Swedish.\n\nMilwaukee's cruller is a glazed loaf-shaped cake donut with a crunchy shell. The Aberdeen crulla is Scottish, first attested in Edinburgh in 1829 and thought to copy the American cruller. Youtiao and mahua both get called Chinese crullers in English."
 },
 "kin": [
  {
   "to": "french-cruller",
   "as": "The choux one.",
   "rel": "donut"
  },
  {
   "to": "fry-cake",
   "as": "The other contested word.",
   "rel": "term"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  "s:wp-cruller"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-cruller"
  },
  "fields": {
   "names.said": {
    "tier": "tradition"
   }
  }
 },
 "schema": 1,
 "confidence": "high",
 "updated": "2026-09-16",
 "etymology": {
  "root": "Dutch kruller, from krullen, to curl",
  "first_attested": "late 18th to early 19th century in the United States, with Pennsylvania Dutch settlers",
  "note": "The Aberdeen crulla is first attested in Edinburgh in 1829 and is thought by the Scottish National Dictionary to copy the American word.",
  "tier": "cited",
  "source": "s:wp-cruller"
 },
 "blurb": "In North America: either a small loaf- or stick-shaped cake donut, or the choux ring sold as a French cruller.",
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "us",
   "name": "The United States",
   "state": null,
   "note": "use when a node belongs to the whole country"
  }
 ],
 "kin_out": [
  {
   "to": "french-cruller",
   "type": "donut",
   "name": "French cruller",
   "as": "The choux one.",
   "rel": "donut"
  },
  {
   "to": "fry-cake",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "Fry cake",
   "as": "The other contested word.",
   "rel": "term"
  }
 ],
 "source_list": [
  {
   "id": "s:wp-cruller",
   "kind": "web",
   "title": "Cruller — Wikipedia",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruller",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  }
 ],
 "tiers": {
  "text.what": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-cruller"
  },
  "text.story": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-cruller"
  },
  "etymology": {
   "tier": "cited",
   "source": "s:wp-cruller"
  }
 },
 "primary_image": null,
 "tag_facts": [],
 "recognition_facts": [],
 "acclaim": 0,
 "kin_in": [
  {
   "from": "french-cruller",
   "type": "donut",
   "name": "French cruller",
   "as": "Dutch for curl, and what it came to mean here.",
   "rel": "term"
  },
  {
   "from": "fry-cake",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "Fry cake",
   "as": "The other word in the same argument.",
   "rel": "term"
  }
 ]
}