{ "built": "2026-09-18", "count": 143, "nodes": [ { "schema": 1, "id": "chardonnay", "type": "variety", "names": { "name": "Chardonnay" }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "colour": "white", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Pinot's child by Gouais blanc, and the white grape sharing almost every hill in this directory. Where pinot goes, it follows — Burgundy, Champagne, the Willamette, Bien Nacido, Central Otago.", "story": "DNA work in the 1990s put the cross beyond argument: a pinot crossed with Gouais blanc produced chardonnay, aligoté, auxerrois, gamay, melon and eleven others. The Pinot parent need not have been pinot noir — any member of the family could have done it." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Its parent, and the vine planted on the next row.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "as": "Where the family split the hill: whites on one flank, reds on the other.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-chardonnay", "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Pinot's child by Gouais blanc, and the white grape sharing almost every hill in this directory. Where pinot goes, it follows — Burgundy, Champagne, the Willamette, Bien Nacido, Central Otago.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Its parent, and the vine planted on the next row.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "Where the family split the hill: whites on one flank, reds on the other.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-chardonnay", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Chardonnay", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=37566", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375174126", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Its child, by Gouais blanc; the two share the same hillsides and the same cellars.", "rel": "offspring" }, { "from": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "The grape that takes the white flank of the same slope.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "musigny", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Musigny", "as": "The exception planted here: Musigny blanc.", "rel": "variety" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "fruhburgunder", "type": "variety", "names": { "name": "Frühburgunder", "aliases": [ "Pinot noir précoce", "Early Burgundy", "Blauer Frühburgunder" ] }, "etymology": { "root": "German früh (early) + Burgunder (Burgundian)", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-fr-hburgunder" }, "region": [ "ahr", "germany" ], "facets": { "colour": "black", "country": "Germany" }, "text": { "what": "An early-ripening pinot that comes in two to three weeks ahead of the rest. Germany kept it alive in the Ahr and on the Nahe when growers elsewhere pulled it out for cropping too lightly.", "how": "Small bunches, small berries, low yield, and a harvest date that beats autumn rain — useful where the season runs short." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The same family, running four to six weeks ahead of the latest clones.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "ahr", "as": "The slate valley that kept it planted.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-fr-hburgunder", "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "An early-ripening pinot that comes in two to three weeks ahead of the rest. Germany kept it alive in the Ahr and on the Nahe when growers elsewhere pulled it out for cropping too lightly.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "ahr", "name": "Ahr", "country": "Germany", "note": "a narrow slate valley north of the Mosel that grows almost nothing else" }, { "key": "germany", "name": "Germany", "country": "Germany", "note": "spätburgunder; the third-largest pinot noir planting on earth" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The same family, running four to six weeks ahead of the latest clones.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "ahr", "type": "region", "name": "Ahr", "as": "The slate valley that kept it planted.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-fr-hburgunder", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot Noir Précoce", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=25123541", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371306597", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "ahr", "type": "region", "name": "Ahr", "as": "The early-ripening cousin the valley kept.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "spatburgunder", "type": "term", "name": "Spätburgunder", "as": "The early one the name is set against.", "rel": "contrast" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "gamay", "type": "variety", "names": { "name": "Gamay", "aliases": [ "Gamay noir à jus blanc" ] }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "colour": "black", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Pinot's other well-known child, banished from the Côte d'Or by ducal edict and sent south to granite, where it built Beaujolais.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* Philippe le Hardi ordered gamay out of the good slopes in 1395 and pinot noir back in. Whatever the duke's reasons, the split held: pinot took the limestone, gamay took the granite south of Mâcon." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Same parentage story, opposite fate on the same hill.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The region that expelled it from the Côte d'Or and still grows it further south.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-gamay", "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Pinot's other well-known child, banished from the Côte d'Or by ducal edict and sent south to granite, where it built Beaujolais.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Same parentage story, opposite fate on the same hill.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The region that expelled it from the Côte d'Or and still grows it further south.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-gamay", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Gamay", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=555090", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269650375", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pinot-blanc", "type": "variety", "names": { "name": "Pinot blanc", "aliases": [ "Weissburgunder", "Pinot bianco", "Klevner" ] }, "region": [ "alsace" ], "facets": { "colour": "white", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "The white end of the family. A further mutation that can come from pinot gris or pinot noir and can go back the other way, which is why nurserymen watch their mother vines.", "story": "Henri Gouges found a white-berried shoot in his Nuits-Saint-Georges vineyard and propagated it; the wine is sold as Nuits-Saint-Georges blanc. *Inference —* nothing published suggests it is more than a selected mutation of the pinot noir already growing there." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The parent form; the mutation runs both ways.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "as": "Its neighbour on the colour ladder.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-blanc", "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The white end of the family. A further mutation that can come from pinot gris or pinot noir and can go back the other way, which is why nurserymen watch their mother vines.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "alsace", "name": "Alsace", "country": "France", "note": "the one red grape the appellation allows" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The parent form; the mutation runs both ways.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot gris", "as": "Its neighbour on the colour ladder.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-blanc", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot blanc", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=265448", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364188369", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot gris", "as": "The next mutation along the same path, in either direction.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "names": { "name": "Pinot gris", "aliases": [ "Pinot Grigio", "Grauburgunder", "Ruländer" ] }, "region": [ "alsace" ], "facets": { "colour": "grey", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "A colour sport of pinot: the berry loses most of its pigment and lands somewhere between grey, pink and bronze. Same vine, same bunch, different skin.", "story": "A somatic mutation in the VvMYBA1 or VvMYBA2 genes — the switches that tell a grape to make colour. It can arise from pinot noir or from pinot blanc, and it can revert." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The black form, and the one this site is about.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "pinot-blanc", "as": "The next mutation along the same path, in either direction.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "alsace", "as": "Where it grows beside its black parent under the same appellation.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-gris", "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A colour sport of pinot: the berry loses most of its pigment and lands somewhere between grey, pink and bronze. Same vine, same bunch, different skin.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "alsace", "name": "Alsace", "country": "France", "note": "the one red grape the appellation allows" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The black form, and the one this site is about.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "pinot-blanc", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot blanc", "as": "The next mutation along the same path, in either direction.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "alsace", "type": "region", "name": "Alsace", "as": "Where it grows beside its black parent under the same appellation.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-gris", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot gris", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=344643", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375152512", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-blanc", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot blanc", "as": "Its neighbour on the colour ladder.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The same vine with the colour genes switched off partway.", "rel": "mutation" }, { "from": "alsace", "type": "region", "name": "Alsace", "as": "Its grey sibling, grown on the same slopes.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "baden", "type": "region", "name": "Baden", "as": "Grauburgunder, the second Burgundian here.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "david-lett", "type": "person", "name": "David Lett", "as": "And the first American planting of it.", "rel": "variety" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pinot-meunier", "type": "variety", "names": { "name": "Pinot Meunier", "aliases": [ "Meunier", "Schwarzriesling", "Müllerrebe" ] }, "etymology": { "root": "French meunier, miller — from the floury white hairs on the leaves", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-pinot-meunier" }, "region": [ "champagne" ], "facets": { "colour": "black", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Pinot noir with white down on its shoot tips and leaves — meunier means miller, and the vine looks dusted with flour. It buds later, ripens earlier and survives a frosty Champagne spring that kills its parent.", "how": "Genetically it is a chimera: two tissue layers, each carrying its own mutation, neither identical to pinot noir. Propagate it from the wrong layer and you get something else.", "today": "Champagne plants it heavily in the frost-prone Marne valley, and a handful of growers now bottle it alone." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The vine it mutated from, and cannot be a parent of.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "champagne", "as": "Where it earns its keep: the valley floors that frost.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "vendange-entiere", "as": "A press-house decision that treats it the same as its parent.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-meunier", "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Pinot noir with white down on its shoot tips and leaves — meunier means miller, and the vine looks dusted with flour. It buds later, ripens earlier and survives a frosty Champagne spring that kills its parent.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "champagne", "name": "Champagne", "country": "France", "note": "pinot noir by area is the region's largest planting, mostly pressed white" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The vine it mutated from, and cannot be a parent of.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "champagne", "type": "region", "name": "Champagne", "as": "Where it earns its keep: the valley floors that frost.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "vendange-entiere", "type": "term", "name": "Vendange entière", "as": "A press-house decision that treats it the same as its parent.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-meunier", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot Meunier", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=475108", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371307542", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "A chimera of this vine — hairy leaves, earlier ripening, and a third of Champagne.", "rel": "mutation" }, { "from": "champagne", "type": "region", "name": "Champagne", "as": "Its frost insurance on the valley floor.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "vendange-entiere", "type": "term", "name": "Vendange entière", "as": "A variety often treated this way in Champagne.", "rel": "variety" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "names": { "name": "Pinot noir", "aliases": [ "Pinot Noir", "Spätburgunder", "Blauburgunder", "Pinot nero", "Blauer Burgunder" ], "said": "PEE-noh NWAHR" }, "etymology": { "root": "French pin (pine) + noir (black) — the bunch is shaped like a pinecone", "note": "the cluster is small and conico-cylindrical", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-pinot-noir" }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "colour": "black", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "A black grape from north-eastern France that ripens early, carries thin skin over tight pinecone-shaped bunches, and mutates more readily than almost any vine in cultivation. It gives pale wine with low tannin and high acid, and it rewards cold ground, which is why growers chase it toward the poles, the fog and the hills.", "story": "Pinot sits one or two generations from wild Vitis sylvestris, which makes it about as old as cultivated vines get. Crossed with the peasants' workhorse Gouais blanc somewhere in medieval north-eastern France, it fathered chardonnay, gamay, aligoté, auxerrois, melon and eleven more — half the vineyards of France descend from that one mismatch between the nobility's plot and the commoner's. *Tradition holds —* the dukes of Burgundy did the rest of the marketing.", "how": "Thin skins and little phenolic material give pale, medium-bodied, low-tannin wine. The same skins split and rot in a wet September. It buds early into frost, ripens early into heat, and its tight bunches trap moisture — every fault it has comes from the same anatomy that makes the wine taste the way it does.", "today": "Grown on every continent that can chill it: Burgundy and Champagne, Germany's Ahr and Baden, Oregon, California's fog corridors, Central Otago, Tasmania, Patagonia, the Cape." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Home ground, and the reference every other pinot region gets measured against.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-meunier", "as": "A chimera of this vine — hairy leaves, earlier ripening, and a third of Champagne.", "rel": "mutation" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "as": "The same vine with the colour genes switched off partway.", "rel": "mutation" }, { "to": "chardonnay", "as": "Its child, by Gouais blanc; the two share the same hillsides and the same cellars.", "rel": "offspring" }, { "to": "thin-skin", "as": "Every difficulty this grape hands a grower, in one place.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "dijon-115", "as": "One of the numbered selections that let a grower buy this vine by catalogue.", "rel": "clone" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:wine-grapes-2012", "s:oxford-companion-wine-4" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" }, "fields": { "text.story": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-pinot-noir" }, "text.today": { "tier": "tradition" } } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "pinot-noir/pinot-noir-ov-pinot-noir.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:OV-pinot-noir.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/OV-pinot-noir.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AOV-pinot-noir.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/", "author": "Olivier Vanpé", "credit": "", "alt": "Bunch of Pinot Noir grapes in Volnay, Burgundy in early August, when the grapes have begun to get their colour.", "date": "2005-08-04", "primary": true, "sha256": "dca1ec3f4bbd7262b81cdfd684e2eca51284725966063c9b13b8a5385bdfd236" } ], "blurb": "A black grape from north-eastern France that ripens early, carries thin skin over tight pinecone-shaped bunches, and mutates more readily than almost any vine in cultivation.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Home ground, and the reference every other pinot region gets measured against.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-meunier", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot Meunier", "as": "A chimera of this vine — hairy leaves, earlier ripening, and a third of Champagne.", "rel": "mutation" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot gris", "as": "The same vine with the colour genes switched off partway.", "rel": "mutation" }, { "to": "chardonnay", "type": "variety", "name": "Chardonnay", "as": "Its child, by Gouais blanc; the two share the same hillsides and the same cellars.", "rel": "offspring" }, { "to": "thin-skin", "type": "story", "name": "What thin skin costs", "as": "Every difficulty this grape hands a grower, in one place.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "One of the numbered selections that let a grower buy this vine by catalogue.", "rel": "clone" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wine-grapes-2012", "kind": "book", "title": "Wine Grapes: A Complete Guide to 1,368 Vine Varieties", "author": "Jancis Robinson, Julia Harding and José Vouillamoz", "publisher": "Allen Lane", "year": 2012 }, { "id": "s:oxford-companion-wine-4", "kind": "book", "title": "The Oxford Companion to Wine", "author": "Jancis Robinson (ed.)", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "year": 2015, "note": "fourth edition" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-pinot-noir" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "tradition" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "pinot-noir/pinot-noir-ov-pinot-noir.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:OV-pinot-noir.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/OV-pinot-noir.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AOV-pinot-noir.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/", "author": "Olivier Vanpé", "credit": "", "alt": "Bunch of Pinot Noir grapes in Volnay, Burgundy in early August, when the grapes have begun to get their colour.", "date": "2005-08-04", "primary": true, "sha256": "dca1ec3f4bbd7262b81cdfd684e2eca51284725966063c9b13b8a5385bdfd236" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "chardonnay", "type": "variety", "name": "Chardonnay", "as": "Its parent, and the vine planted on the next row.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "fruhburgunder", "type": "variety", "name": "Frühburgunder", "as": "The same family, running four to six weeks ahead of the latest clones.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "gamay", "type": "variety", "name": "Gamay", "as": "Same parentage story, opposite fate on the same hill.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "pinot-blanc", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot blanc", "as": "The parent form; the mutation runs both ways.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot gris", "as": "The black form, and the one this site is about.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "pinot-meunier", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot Meunier", "as": "The vine it mutated from, and cannot be a parent of.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "ahr", "type": "region", "name": "Ahr", "as": "Called spätburgunder here, and grown in a higher share than anywhere else in Germany.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "alsace", "type": "region", "name": "Alsace", "as": "The only red the appellation permits.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "alto-adige", "type": "region", "name": "Alto Adige", "as": "Called pinot nero and blauburgunder in the same village.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "anderson-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Anderson Valley", "as": "The variety that took the valley over.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "baden", "type": "region", "name": "Baden", "as": "Spätburgunder: more than a third of the region's vines.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The grape this hill selected, and the one it exported.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "casablanca-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Casablanca Valley", "as": "Grown on the cool coastal side of the range.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "More than four fifths of everything planted here.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "champagne", "type": "region", "name": "Champagne", "as": "Grown for structure, not colour.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "cote-chalonnaise", "type": "region", "name": "Côte Chalonnaise", "as": "Grown here for drinking rather than for keeping.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "eola-amity-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Eola-Amity Hills", "as": "Grown small-berried here, because the wind stops the vine mid-afternoon.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "finger-lakes", "type": "region", "name": "Finger Lakes", "as": "Grown where the lake keeps the vine from freezing out.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "hemel-en-aarde", "type": "region", "name": "Hemel-en-Aarde", "as": "Planted here from the 1970s, on clay that holds water through a dry summer.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "jura", "type": "region", "name": "Jura", "as": "One of three reds allowed, and rarely the loudest.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "los-carneros", "type": "region", "name": "Los Carneros", "as": "Grown for still wine and for sparkling base, often on the same ranch.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "marlborough", "type": "region", "name": "Marlborough", "as": "Planted at scale here, and rarely the headline.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "martinborough", "type": "region", "name": "Martinborough", "as": "The reason the terrace was planted at all.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "mornington-peninsula", "type": "region", "name": "Mornington Peninsula", "as": "Grown cool and picked early, beside chardonnay.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "okanagan-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Okanagan Valley", "as": "Grown at the lake's cool end.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "sancerre", "type": "region", "name": "Sancerre", "as": "Grown light, and often drunk chilled.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "santa-lucia-highlands", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Lucia Highlands", "as": "Planted on the benches above the fog line.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "sonoma-coast", "type": "region", "name": "Sonoma Coast", "as": "Grown at the edge of where it will ripen at all.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "tasmania", "type": "region", "name": "Tasmania", "as": "Grown for bubbles first, red second.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "yarra-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Yarra Valley", "as": "Replanted here first among Australia's cool regions.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "bass-phillip", "type": "producer", "name": "Bass Phillip", "as": "What the cabernet was replaced with.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "felton-road", "type": "producer", "name": "Felton Road", "as": "Nearly everything in the cellar.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "hanzell", "type": "producer", "name": "Hanzell Vineyards", "as": "Among the earliest serious American plantings after Prohibition.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "pinot-droit", "type": "clone", "name": "Pinot Droit", "as": "The same variety, selected for a different habit.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "malolactic", "type": "practice", "name": "Malolactic fermentation", "as": "A high-acid grape, which is why the softening matters here.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "name": "Whole cluster", "as": "A variety thin enough in tannin to notice what the stems add.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "coq-au-vin", "type": "pairing", "name": "Coq au vin", "as": "The wine in the pot and in the glass.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "duck", "type": "pairing", "name": "Duck", "as": "The wine most often poured with it.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "mushrooms", "type": "pairing", "name": "Mushrooms", "as": "The wine whose aged character it mirrors.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "salmon", "type": "pairing", "name": "Salmon", "as": "The red that gets poured with fish without an argument.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "washed-rind-cheese", "type": "pairing", "name": "Washed-rind cheese", "as": "Poured with it locally, and argued about everywhere else.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "ipnc", "type": "event", "name": "International Pinot Noir Celebration", "as": "The single subject.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "brix", "type": "term", "name": "Brix", "as": "A grape that can hit sugar before its stems and skins are ready.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "spatburgunder", "type": "term", "name": "Spätburgunder", "as": "The same vine.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "terroir", "type": "term", "name": "Terroir", "as": "The variety most often held up as the transmitter, whether or not it is.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "how-pinot-travelled", "type": "story", "name": "How pinot left the hill", "as": "The vine doing the travelling.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "A variety that mutates enough to make all this necessary.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "the-sideways-effect", "type": "story", "name": "One film, measured", "as": "The variety it sold.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "thin-skin", "type": "story", "name": "What thin skin costs", "as": "The vine in question.", "rel": "variety" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The grape on the other side of the question.", "rel": "variety" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "ahr", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Ahr" }, "region": [ "ahr", "germany" ], "facets": { "country": "Germany", "level": "region", "soil": "slate, basalt, greywacke" }, "text": { "what": "A narrow slate valley south of Bonn, among the smallest German regions and the one that gives more of its ground to spätburgunder than any other.", "story": "Steep terraces on a river that runs east-west, this far north, on dark stone that holds the day's heat. The July 2021 flood tore through the valley and its cellars; growers were still rebuilding years after." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Called spätburgunder here, and grown in a higher share than anywhere else in Germany.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "fruhburgunder", "as": "The early-ripening cousin the valley kept.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "baden", "as": "The other German pinot region, warmer and far larger.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": 50.54, "lon": 7.05, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-ahr-wine-region", "s:wp-german-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" }, "fields": { "text.story": { "tier": "tradition", "note": "the 2021 flood is general knowledge here, not taken from the corpus" } } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "Vineyard", "value": 558, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-ahr-wine-region", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "ahr/ahr-vineyard-in-the-ahr-valley-germany.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vineyard in the Ahr Valley, Germany.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Vineyard_in_the_Ahr_Valley%2C_Germany.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVineyard_in_the_Ahr_Valley%2C_Germany.jpg", "license": "CC0 1.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "1998alexkane", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "vineyard in the Ahr Valley, Germany", "date": "19 November 2023 (according to Exif data", "primary": true, "sha256": "cd2be5efe09af644774ea3d7ed119d97737cfa03ccaeae581019556c2c0ca3e4" } ], "blurb": "A narrow slate valley south of Bonn, among the smallest German regions and the one that gives more of its ground to spätburgunder than any other.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "ahr", "name": "Ahr", "country": "Germany", "note": "a narrow slate valley north of the Mosel that grows almost nothing else" }, { "key": "germany", "name": "Germany", "country": "Germany", "note": "spätburgunder; the third-largest pinot noir planting on earth" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Called spätburgunder here, and grown in a higher share than anywhere else in Germany.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "fruhburgunder", "type": "variety", "name": "Frühburgunder", "as": "The early-ripening cousin the valley kept.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "baden", "type": "region", "name": "Baden", "as": "The other German pinot region, warmer and far larger.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-ahr-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Ahr (wine region)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=15010808", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358145069", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-german-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "German wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1039202", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363074961", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition", "note": "the 2021 flood is general knowledge here, not taken from the corpus" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "ahr/ahr-vineyard-in-the-ahr-valley-germany.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vineyard in the Ahr Valley, Germany.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Vineyard_in_the_Ahr_Valley%2C_Germany.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVineyard_in_the_Ahr_Valley%2C_Germany.jpg", "license": "CC0 1.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "1998alexkane", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "vineyard in the Ahr Valley, Germany", "date": "19 November 2023 (according to Exif data", "primary": true, "sha256": "cd2be5efe09af644774ea3d7ed119d97737cfa03ccaeae581019556c2c0ca3e4" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "fruhburgunder", "type": "variety", "name": "Frühburgunder", "as": "The slate valley that kept it planted.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "alsace", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Alsace" }, "region": [ "alsace" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "level": "region" }, "text": { "what": "A dry strip in the rain shadow of the Vosges where nearly everything is white — except pinot noir, the one red grape the appellation allows.", "today": "What used to be pale and often rosé now gets destemmed, barrel-aged and sold as red, and the 2022 rules brought thirteen grand cru sites into play for it. *Tradition holds —* the older bottles were lighter because nobody expected otherwise." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The only red the appellation permits.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "as": "Its grey sibling, grown on the same slopes.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "baden", "as": "Across the Rhine, the same climate under another flag.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": 48.2, "lon": 7.35, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-alsace-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" }, "fields": { "text.today": { "tier": "tradition" } } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A dry strip in the rain shadow of the Vosges where nearly everything is white — except pinot noir, the one red grape the appellation allows.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "alsace", "name": "Alsace", "country": "France", "note": "the one red grape the appellation allows" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The only red the appellation permits.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot gris", "as": "Its grey sibling, grown on the same slopes.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "baden", "type": "region", "name": "Baden", "as": "Across the Rhine, the same climate under another flag.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-alsace-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Alsace wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1083426", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351653670", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot gris", "as": "Where it grows beside its black parent under the same appellation.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "baden", "type": "region", "name": "Baden", "as": "Same rift valley, other bank, similar size.", "rel": "neighbour" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "alto-adige", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Alto Adige", "aliases": [ "Südtirol", "South Tyrol" ] }, "region": [ "alto-adige" ], "facets": { "country": "Italy", "level": "doc" }, "text": { "what": "German-speaking Italy, on terraces above Bolzano. Blauburgunder here is pinot nero on the label and Blauburgunder in the village, and it climbs as high as the frost allows." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Called pinot nero and blauburgunder in the same village.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "baden", "as": "The other Alpine pinot, north of the ridge.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": 46.5, "lon": 11.35, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-south-tyrol-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "German-speaking Italy, on terraces above Bolzano. Blauburgunder here is pinot nero on the label and Blauburgunder in the village, and it climbs as high as the frost allows.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "alto-adige", "name": "Alto Adige", "country": "Italy", "note": "blauburgunder / pinot nero on the high terraces above Bolzano" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Called pinot nero and blauburgunder in the same village.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "baden", "type": "region", "name": "Baden", "as": "The other Alpine pinot, north of the ridge.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-south-tyrol-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "South Tyrol wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=31371069", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371465754", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "anderson-valley", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Anderson Valley" }, "region": [ "anderson-valley", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1983 }, "text": { "what": "Mendocino's fog gap: a narrow valley along the Navarro River, open to the ocean at one end, redwoods at both edges. Sparkling houses came for the acid and stayed for the pinot.", "story": "The 1983 petition counted 47 acres of pinot noir. By 2025 the AVA farmed about 2,457 acres across roughly 100 vineyards, and the wineries buying from them mostly sit outside the valley." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The variety that took the valley over.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "russian-river-valley", "as": "The other California fog corridor, an hour south.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": 39.0, "lon": -123.4, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-anderson-valley-ava", "s:ecfr-27-9" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres", "label": "AVA area", "value": 57600, "unit": "acres", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-anderson-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "acres_planted", "label": "Planted", "value": 2457, "unit": "acres", "year": 2025, "source": "s:wp-anderson-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "acres_pinot_1983", "label": "Pinot noir at the petition", "value": 47, "unit": "acres", "year": 1983, "source": "s:wp-anderson-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" } ], "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1983", "year": 1983, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "48 FR 37370, Aug. 18, 1983" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "anderson-valley/anderson-valley-anderson-valley-pinot-noir-with-vineyard-in-background.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Anderson Valley Pinot noir with vineyard in background.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Anderson_Valley_Pinot_noir_with_vineyard_in_background.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAnderson_Valley_Pinot_noir_with_vineyard_in_background.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Ethan Prater", "credit": "originally posted to Flickr as Esterlina Tasting Room, Anderson Valley, CA", "alt": "From Esterlina Tasting Room in Mendocino County California.", "date": "Taken on 14 March 2009, 16:07:15", "primary": true, "sha256": "80c05a80799bf6fd270058ad7da65084ad876272e58d46952bad68ca0d516eda" } ], "blurb": "Mendocino's fog gap: a narrow valley along the Navarro River, open to the ocean at one end, redwoods at both edges. Sparkling houses came for the acid and stayed for the pinot.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "anderson-valley", "name": "Anderson Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Mendocino, the Navarro River, fog through the redwood gap" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The variety that took the valley over.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "The other California fog corridor, an hour south.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-anderson-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Anderson Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13390838", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369908409", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "anderson-valley/anderson-valley-anderson-valley-pinot-noir-with-vineyard-in-background.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Anderson Valley Pinot noir with vineyard in background.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Anderson_Valley_Pinot_noir_with_vineyard_in_background.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAnderson_Valley_Pinot_noir_with_vineyard_in_background.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Ethan Prater", "credit": "originally posted to Flickr as Esterlina Tasting Room, Anderson Valley, CA", "alt": "From Esterlina Tasting Room in Mendocino County California.", "date": "Taken on 14 March 2009, 16:07:15", "primary": true, "sha256": "80c05a80799bf6fd270058ad7da65084ad876272e58d46952bad68ca0d516eda" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1983", "url": "", "year": 1983, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "casablanca-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Casablanca Valley", "as": "The same trick with fog, a hemisphere away.", "rel": "contrast" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "baden", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Baden" }, "region": [ "baden", "germany" ], "facets": { "country": "Germany", "level": "region", "soil": "loess, limestone, volcanic" }, "text": { "what": "Germany's warmest vineyards, in the Rhine rift between the Black Forest and the Vosges, facing Alsace across the river. Pinot in its three colours covers most of it.", "how": "Spätburgunder alone took 36.8% of Baden's vineyards in 2008 — 5,855 hectares — with grauburgunder and weissburgunder adding another fifth. The Kaiserstuhl, an old volcano on the valley floor, ripens the fullest of it." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Spätburgunder: more than a third of the region's vines.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "alsace", "as": "Same rift valley, other bank, similar size.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "as": "Grauburgunder, the second Burgundian here.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 48.1, "lon": 7.85, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-baden-wine-region", "s:wp-german-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "Vineyard", "value": 15906, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-baden-wine-region", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "hectares_pinot", "label": "Spätburgunder", "value": 5855, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-baden-wine-region", "tier": "cited", "note": "36.8% of the region's vines" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "baden/baden-bickensohl-kaiserstuhl-totenkopf-2004.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bickensohl Kaiserstuhl Totenkopf 2004.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Bickensohl_Kaiserstuhl_Totenkopf_2004.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABickensohl_Kaiserstuhl_Totenkopf_2004.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Jacquesverlaeken", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Vineyards below the Totenkopf (556 m) at Bickensohl, Kaiserstuhl, Baden.", "date": "2004-08-06", "primary": true, "sha256": "0b6a43205a3bdb02cfadd774912b9bd542b68c0ec69d16cc9b8ec3bc525bf3b8" } ], "blurb": "Germany's warmest vineyards, in the Rhine rift between the Black Forest and the Vosges, facing Alsace across the river. Pinot in its three colours covers most of it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "baden", "name": "Baden", "country": "Germany", "note": "the warmest German region, across the Rhine from Alsace" }, { "key": "germany", "name": "Germany", "country": "Germany", "note": "spätburgunder; the third-largest pinot noir planting on earth" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Spätburgunder: more than a third of the region's vines.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "alsace", "type": "region", "name": "Alsace", "as": "Same rift valley, other bank, similar size.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot gris", "as": "Grauburgunder, the second Burgundian here.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-baden-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Baden (wine region)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=14989190", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343190178", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-german-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "German wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1039202", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363074961", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "baden/baden-bickensohl-kaiserstuhl-totenkopf-2004.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bickensohl Kaiserstuhl Totenkopf 2004.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Bickensohl_Kaiserstuhl_Totenkopf_2004.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABickensohl_Kaiserstuhl_Totenkopf_2004.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Jacquesverlaeken", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Vineyards below the Totenkopf (556 m) at Bickensohl, Kaiserstuhl, Baden.", "date": "2004-08-06", "primary": true, "sha256": "0b6a43205a3bdb02cfadd774912b9bd542b68c0ec69d16cc9b8ec3bc525bf3b8" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "ahr", "type": "region", "name": "Ahr", "as": "The other German pinot region, warmer and far larger.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "alsace", "type": "region", "name": "Alsace", "as": "Across the Rhine, the same climate under another flag.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "alto-adige", "type": "region", "name": "Alto Adige", "as": "The other Alpine pinot, north of the ridge.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "spatburgunder", "type": "term", "name": "Spätburgunder", "as": "Where most of it grows.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "burgundy", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Burgundy", "aliases": [ "Bourgogne" ] }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "level": "region", "established": 1936, "soil": "limestone and marl" }, "text": { "what": "A strip of limestone running south-west from Dijon where pinot noir and chardonnay have been sorted, fenced and argued over for a thousand years. Everything here is small: the hill is 40 km long and rarely 2 km wide, and it carries 100 appellations stacked in four ranks.", "story": "Medieval monks and the Valois dukes did the surveying: which parcel ripened, which drained, which froze. Denis Morelot wrote it down in 1831; Jules Lavalle classified it in 1855; the Beaune agricultural committee formalised it in 1861; and when the AOC laws arrived in 1936 most of Lavalle's first class became grands crus. The ranks on today's label are a nineteenth-century map given the force of law.", "how": "Four ranks, and the smaller the ground the louder the name. Grand cru takes 2% of production at 35 hl/ha and labels the vineyard alone. Premier cru takes 12% at 45 hl/ha and labels village plus vineyard. Village wines take 36% at 50 hl/ha across 42 villages. Regional Bourgogne carries the rest. A grower may always sell down a rank, never up.", "today": "UNESCO inscribed the climats in 2015, which put a heritage listing on a land-holding pattern rather than a building." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The grape this hill selected, and the one it exported.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "as": "The northern half, holding nearly every red grand cru.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "as": "The southern half, where the whites take the hill.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "climat", "as": "The word for a named parcel, and the unit the whole system counts in.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "hospices-de-beaune", "as": "The charity whose November auction sets the tone for the vintage.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "how-pinot-travelled", "as": "How cuttings and arguments from this hill reached Oregon, Otago and the Cape.", "rel": "story" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.05, "lon": 4.85, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "s:unesco-1425", "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:morris-inside-burgundy" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "length_km", "label": "Length of the Côte d'Or", "value": 40, "unit": "km", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "hectares_pinot", "label": "Pinot noir on the Côte d'Or escarpment", "value": 4500, "unit": "ha", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "appellations", "label": "Appellations", "value": 100, "unit": "AOC", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "village_appellations", "label": "Village appellations", "value": 42, "unit": "AOC", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "tier": "cited" } ], "recognitions": [ { "by": "unesco", "what": "The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy, World Heritage List 1425", "year": 2015, "source": "s:unesco-1425", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1425/" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "burgundy/burgundy-landscape-and-vineyards-in-bourgogne.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Landscape and vineyards in Bourgogne.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Landscape_and_vineyards_in_Bourgogne.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALandscape_and_vineyards_in_Bourgogne.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "tara hunt", "credit": "Flickr: in Bourgogne", "alt": "From author: \"Burgundy region...mostly around the appellations of Chambelle-Musigny and Chambertin, but in and around Dijon, Beaune and area.\"", "date": "2006-09-24 04:15:15", "primary": true, "sha256": "5a5e8a1aecbeeb69891ac94f88fbeb395a76bbca7023b62b441c8c9ba848fe77" } ], "blurb": "A strip of limestone running south-west from Dijon where pinot noir and chardonnay have been sorted, fenced and argued over for a thousand years.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The grape this hill selected, and the one it exported.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "The northern half, holding nearly every red grand cru.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "The southern half, where the whites take the hill.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "The word for a named parcel, and the unit the whole system counts in.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "hospices-de-beaune", "type": "org", "name": "Hospices de Beaune", "as": "The charity whose November auction sets the tone for the vintage.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "how-pinot-travelled", "type": "story", "name": "How pinot left the hill", "as": "How cuttings and arguments from this hill reached Oregon, Otago and the Cape.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:unesco-1425", "kind": "org", "title": "The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy — World Heritage List 1425", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1425/", "note": "inscribed 2015" }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:morris-inside-burgundy", "kind": "book", "title": "Inside Burgundy: The Vineyards, the Wine and the People", "author": "Jasper Morris", "publisher": "Berry Bros. & Rudd Press", "year": 2010 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "burgundy/burgundy-landscape-and-vineyards-in-bourgogne.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Landscape and vineyards in Bourgogne.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Landscape_and_vineyards_in_Bourgogne.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALandscape_and_vineyards_in_Bourgogne.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "tara hunt", "credit": "Flickr: in Bourgogne", "alt": "From author: \"Burgundy region...mostly around the appellations of Chambelle-Musigny and Chambertin, but in and around Dijon, Beaune and area.\"", "date": "2006-09-24 04:15:15", "primary": true, "sha256": "5a5e8a1aecbeeb69891ac94f88fbeb395a76bbca7023b62b441c8c9ba848fe77" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "unesco", "label": "UNESCO World Heritage", "what": "The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy, World Heritage List 1425", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1425/", "year": 2015, "source": "s:unesco-1425" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "gamay", "type": "variety", "name": "Gamay", "as": "The region that expelled it from the Côte d'Or and still grows it further south.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Home ground, and the reference every other pinot region gets measured against.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "cote-chalonnaise", "type": "region", "name": "Côte Chalonnaise", "as": "Burgundy's southern shoulder, outside the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "The southern half of the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "The northern half of the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "hemel-en-aarde", "type": "region", "name": "Hemel-en-Aarde", "as": "The comparison every grower in the valley invites and then complicates.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "from": "jura", "type": "region", "name": "Jura", "as": "Sixty miles west, and the comparison every Jura grower fields.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "sancerre", "type": "region", "name": "Sancerre", "as": "The duchy this ground once answered to.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "chambertin", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Chambertin", "as": "Where the habit of appending the best vineyard to the village name began.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "clos-de-vougeot", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Clos de Vougeot", "as": "Where dividing land by inheritance became the system.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "calera", "type": "producer", "name": "Calera", "as": "The comparison he was explicitly chasing.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "drc", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "as": "The region whose reputation this address both makes and distorts.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "green-harvest", "type": "practice", "name": "Green harvest", "as": "Where the yield caps are written into the appellation.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "hand-harvest", "type": "practice", "name": "Hand harvest", "as": "Where the slope makes the choice for you.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "coq-au-vin", "type": "pairing", "name": "Coq au vin", "as": "Where the version with a named wine comes from.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "duck", "type": "pairing", "name": "Duck", "as": "Where the pairing is a house rule.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "truffle-pairing", "type": "pairing", "name": "Truffle", "as": "Where both come from.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "washed-rind-cheese", "type": "pairing", "name": "Washed-rind cheese", "as": "Whose cheese board this is.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "josh-jensen", "type": "person", "name": "Josh Jensen", "as": "Where he learned the argument.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "bivb", "type": "org", "name": "BIVB", "as": "Whose numbers it publishes.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "inao", "type": "org", "name": "INAO", "as": "Whose four ranks it administers.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "hospices-auction", "type": "event", "name": "Hospices de Beaune auction", "as": "The region that reads it as a weather report with prices.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "saint-vincent-tournante", "type": "event", "name": "Saint-Vincent Tournante", "as": "Whose villages take turns.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "ava", "type": "term", "name": "AVA", "as": "Where the same idea comes with rules about what you may plant and how much you may pick.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "from": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "The region that counts in these units.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "cru", "type": "term", "name": "Cru", "as": "Four ranks, and the smaller the ground the louder the name.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "negociant", "type": "term", "name": "Négociant", "as": "Where the trade is structured around this.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "how-pinot-travelled", "type": "story", "name": "How pinot left the hill", "as": "Where it starts.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "casablanca-valley", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Casablanca Valley" }, "region": [ "casablanca", "chile" ], "facets": { "country": "Chile", "level": "doc" }, "text": { "what": "Between Santiago and the port at Valparaíso, close enough to the Humboldt current for morning fog. Chile planted it in the 1980s to grow something other than cabernet." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown on the cool coastal side of the range.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "anderson-valley", "as": "The same trick with fog, a hemisphere away.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "geo": { "lat": -33.32, "lon": -71.4, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-casablanca-valley", "s:wp-chilean-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Between Santiago and the port at Valparaíso, close enough to the Humboldt current for morning fog. Chile planted it in the 1980s to grow something other than cabernet.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "casablanca", "name": "Casablanca Valley", "country": "Chile", "note": "morning fog between Santiago and the sea" }, { "key": "chile", "name": "Chile", "country": "Chile", "note": "coastal valleys where the Humboldt current reaches inland" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown on the cool coastal side of the range.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "anderson-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Anderson Valley", "as": "The same trick with fog, a hemisphere away.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-casablanca-valley", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Casablanca, Chile", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=10407597", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345733918", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-chilean-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Chilean wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=521306", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368380371", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "central-otago", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Central Otago" }, "region": [ "central-otago", "new-zealand" ], "facets": { "country": "New Zealand", "level": "gi", "soil": "schist, loess, glacial gravel" }, "text": { "what": "The southernmost commercial wine region on earth, and the only part of New Zealand with a true continental climate — frost in the spring, forty-degree swings in a day, schist under everything.", "story": "Vines went from 92 hectares to 1,930 in about two decades. Pinot noir takes over 80% of the plantings, which is a bet no other region of this size has made." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "More than four fifths of everything planted here.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "felton-road", "as": "Bannockburn, and the cellar that made the region legible abroad.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "rippon", "as": "Lake Wanaka, and one of the most photographed vineyards anywhere.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "abel-clone", "as": "The cutting that walked through customs and changed New Zealand pinot.", "rel": "clone" } ], "geo": { "lat": -45.02, "lon": 169.2, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region", "s:wp-new-zealand-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "Planted", "value": 1930, "unit": "ha", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "pinot_share", "label": "Share of plantings given to pinot noir", "value": 80, "unit": "%", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region", "tier": "cited", "note": "stated as over 80%" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "central-otago/central-otago-bannockburn-1-central-otago.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bannockburn (1), Central Otago.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Bannockburn_%281%29%2C_Central_Otago.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABannockburn_%281%29%2C_Central_Otago.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "AnnWoolliams", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Bannockburn, Central Otago, South Island, NZ", "date": "2022-04-21", "primary": true, "sha256": "ae99ba50200fccc3a7448d9f3061da12ce5accd6e2e9c6f2c5630ea26d13d72a" } ], "blurb": "The southernmost commercial wine region on earth, and the only part of New Zealand with a true continental climate — frost in the spring, forty-degree swings in a day, schist under everything.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "central-otago", "name": "Central Otago", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the southernmost wine region on earth, and continental with it" }, { "key": "new-zealand", "name": "New Zealand", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the country pinot noir made its second home" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "More than four fifths of everything planted here.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "felton-road", "type": "producer", "name": "Felton Road", "as": "Bannockburn, and the cellar that made the region legible abroad.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "rippon", "type": "producer", "name": "Rippon", "as": "Lake Wanaka, and one of the most photographed vineyards anywhere.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "abel-clone", "type": "clone", "name": "Abel clone", "as": "The cutting that walked through customs and changed New Zealand pinot.", "rel": "clone" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Central Otago wine region", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1468699", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363939055", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-new-zealand-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "New Zealand wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3974835", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375093713", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "central-otago/central-otago-bannockburn-1-central-otago.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Bannockburn (1), Central Otago.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Bannockburn_%281%29%2C_Central_Otago.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABannockburn_%281%29%2C_Central_Otago.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "AnnWoolliams", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Bannockburn, Central Otago, South Island, NZ", "date": "2022-04-21", "primary": true, "sha256": "ae99ba50200fccc3a7448d9f3061da12ce5accd6e2e9c6f2c5630ea26d13d72a" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "marlborough", "type": "region", "name": "Marlborough", "as": "The region that gets the pinot attention.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "from": "martinborough", "type": "region", "name": "Martinborough", "as": "The country's other pinot argument, 900 km south.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "felton-road", "type": "producer", "name": "Felton Road", "as": "The region it sits in and helped explain abroad.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "rippon", "type": "producer", "name": "Rippon", "as": "Its region, at the cooler northern end.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "abel-clone", "type": "clone", "name": "Abel clone", "as": "And where it now grows, 900 km further south.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "champagne", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Champagne" }, "region": [ "champagne" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "level": "region", "soil": "chalk" }, "text": { "what": "Chalk country 150 km north-east of Paris where pinot noir is pressed off its skins within hours and comes out white. More pinot noir grows here than anywhere else in France, and almost none of it is red.", "how": "Five districts: Montagne de Reims, Vallée de la Marne, Côte des Blancs, Côte de Sézanne, the Aube. Pinot noir leads the Aube and does well on the Montagne; meunier holds the frost-prone Marne floors.", "today": "Coteaux Champenois lets a grower bottle the red instead, which in a warm year is no longer a curiosity." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown for structure, not colour.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "pinot-meunier", "as": "Its frost insurance on the valley floor.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "saignee", "as": "The bleed that makes rosé, and the other way to use a black grape here.", "rel": "practice" } ], "geo": { "lat": 49.05, "lon": 4.0, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-champagne-wine-region", "s:wp-champagne" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "Vineyard", "value": 33500, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-champagne-wine-region", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "villages", "label": "Villages inside the boundary", "value": 319, "unit": "", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-champagne-wine-region", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "growers", "label": "Growers selling grapes", "value": 14000, "unit": "", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-champagne-wine-region", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "champagne/champagne-verzenay-vignoble.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Verzenay vignoble.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Verzenay_vignoble.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVerzenay_vignoble.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Vassil", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Vignoble du champagne sur la Montagne de Reims: Verzenay.(Mai 2007)", "date": "12/05/07", "primary": true, "sha256": "64ce4fd190d0a12a07f1a4c5c2b378ebd22df5f53804df2d554bc3e9fc5651f4" } ], "blurb": "Chalk country 150 km north-east of Paris where pinot noir is pressed off its skins within hours and comes out white. More pinot noir grows here than anywhere else in France, and almost none of it is red.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "champagne", "name": "Champagne", "country": "France", "note": "pinot noir by area is the region's largest planting, mostly pressed white" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown for structure, not colour.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "pinot-meunier", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot Meunier", "as": "Its frost insurance on the valley floor.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "saignee", "type": "practice", "name": "Saignée", "as": "The bleed that makes rosé, and the other way to use a black grape here.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-champagne-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Champagne wine region", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=53755", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371925991", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-champagne", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Champagne", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=53754", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375080208", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "champagne/champagne-verzenay-vignoble.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Verzenay vignoble.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Verzenay_vignoble.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVerzenay_vignoble.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Vassil", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Vignoble du champagne sur la Montagne de Reims: Verzenay.(Mai 2007)", "date": "12/05/07", "primary": true, "sha256": "64ce4fd190d0a12a07f1a4c5c2b378ebd22df5f53804df2d554bc3e9fc5651f4" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-meunier", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot Meunier", "as": "Where it earns its keep: the valley floors that frost.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "tasmania", "type": "region", "name": "Tasmania", "as": "The model the sparkling program copies, at 42°S.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "from": "saignee", "type": "practice", "name": "Saignée", "as": "Where rosé is more often made by blending red wine in instead.", "rel": "contrast" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "cote-chalonnaise", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Côte Chalonnaise" }, "region": [ "cote-chalonnaise", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "level": "district" }, "text": { "what": "The same limestone, ten miles further south, at a third of the price. Bouzeron, Rully, Mercurey, Givry and Montagny — Mercurey and Givry do the red work." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Burgundy's southern shoulder, outside the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown here for drinking rather than for keeping.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 46.75, "lon": 4.72, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-c-te-chalonnaise", "s:wp-burgundy-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The same limestone, ten miles further south, at a third of the price. Bouzeron, Rully, Mercurey, Givry and Montagny — Mercurey and Givry do the red work.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-chalonnaise", "name": "Côte Chalonnaise", "country": "France", "note": "Rully, Mercurey, Givry — the same limestone, gentler prices" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Burgundy's southern shoulder, outside the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown here for drinking rather than for keeping.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-c-te-chalonnaise", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Côte Chalonnaise", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2897847", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342122793", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Côte de Beaune" }, "region": [ "cote-de-beaune", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "level": "district" }, "text": { "what": "From Ladoix south to Maranges, where the hill turns and chardonnay takes the best of it. Corton is its only red grand cru; the reds that matter most sit in Pommard, Volnay and Beaune at premier cru." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The southern half of the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "corton", "as": "The hill that holds the district's only red grand cru.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "chardonnay", "as": "The grape that takes the white flank of the same slope.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "hospices-de-beaune", "as": "Whose vines sit mostly in these communes.", "rel": "org" } ], "geo": { "lat": 46.98, "lon": 4.78, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-c-te-de-beaune", "s:wp-burgundy-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "red_grands_crus", "label": "Red grand cru wines in the district", "value": 1, "unit": "the Cortons", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-c-te-de-beaune", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "From Ladoix south to Maranges, where the hill turns and chardonnay takes the best of it. Corton is its only red grand cru; the reds that matter most sit in Pommard, Volnay and Beaune at premier cru.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-beaune", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "country": "France", "note": "Corton south to Santenay; reds and the great whites share the hill" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The southern half of the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "corton", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Corton", "as": "The hill that holds the district's only red grand cru.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "chardonnay", "type": "variety", "name": "Chardonnay", "as": "The grape that takes the white flank of the same slope.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "hospices-de-beaune", "type": "org", "name": "Hospices de Beaune", "as": "Whose vines sit mostly in these communes.", "rel": "org" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-c-te-de-beaune", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Côte de Beaune", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2756908", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367177988", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "chardonnay", "type": "variety", "name": "Chardonnay", "as": "Where the family split the hill: whites on one flank, reds on the other.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The southern half, where the whites take the hill.", "rel": "part" }, { "from": "corton", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Corton", "as": "The district whose only red grand cru this is.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "louis-jadot", "type": "producer", "name": "Maison Louis Jadot", "as": "Where it sits and where most of its vines are.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "hospices-de-beaune", "type": "org", "name": "Hospices de Beaune", "as": "Where nearly all its vines sit.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Côte de Nuits" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "level": "district", "soil": "limestone, marl, scree" }, "text": { "what": "Fourteen communes between Dijon and Corgoloin holding 24 of Burgundy's 25 red grand cru appellations. Some of them are tiny — La Romanée covers less than a hectare.", "how": "The good ground sits mid-slope, where the scree drains and the sun reaches. Flat land near the village makes village wine; the top of the hill goes cold and thin." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The northern half of the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "romanee-conti", "as": "The 1.8-hectare monopole at the centre of the argument.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "clos-de-vougeot", "as": "Fifty hectares, eighty owners, one grand cru name.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "chambertin", "as": "Gevrey's grand cru, and the one Napoleon is said to have carried.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "musigny", "as": "Chambolle's grand cru, where the wine goes lace-fine.", "rel": "vineyard" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.17, "lon": 4.95, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-c-te-de-nuits", "s:wp-burgundy-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "communes", "label": "Communes", "value": 14, "unit": "", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-c-te-de-nuits", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "red_grands_crus", "label": "Red grand cru appellations, of Burgundy's 25", "value": 24, "unit": "", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "cote-de-nuits/cote-de-nuits-weinberg-cote-de-nuits.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Weinberg_Cote_de_Nuits.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWeinberg_Cote_de_Nuits.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/", "author": "Stefan Bauer, https://www.ferras.at", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Vineyard in Côte de Beaune, Burgundy, France", "date": "2005-08-07", "primary": true, "sha256": "9869d51e7d0afe3a5b514ae1f8758a988ca69667b3e3de83495a42d6f9ba29b7" } ], "blurb": "Fourteen communes between Dijon and Corgoloin holding 24 of Burgundy's 25 red grand cru appellations. Some of them are tiny — La Romanée covers less than a hectare.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The northern half of the Côte d'Or.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "The 1.8-hectare monopole at the centre of the argument.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "clos-de-vougeot", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Clos de Vougeot", "as": "Fifty hectares, eighty owners, one grand cru name.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "chambertin", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Chambertin", "as": "Gevrey's grand cru, and the one Napoleon is said to have carried.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "musigny", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Musigny", "as": "Chambolle's grand cru, where the wine goes lace-fine.", "rel": "vineyard" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-c-te-de-nuits", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Côte de Nuits", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2755475", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373291337", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "cote-de-nuits/cote-de-nuits-weinberg-cote-de-nuits.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Weinberg_Cote_de_Nuits.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWeinberg_Cote_de_Nuits.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/", "author": "Stefan Bauer, https://www.ferras.at", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Vineyard in Côte de Beaune, Burgundy, France", "date": "2005-08-07", "primary": true, "sha256": "9869d51e7d0afe3a5b514ae1f8758a988ca69667b3e3de83495a42d6f9ba29b7" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The northern half, holding nearly every red grand cru.", "rel": "part" }, { "from": "chambertin", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Chambertin", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "clos-de-vougeot", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Clos de Vougeot", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "musigny", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Musigny", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "henri-jayer", "type": "person", "name": "Henri Jayer", "as": "Where he worked all his life.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Dundee Hills" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "sub-ava", "established": 2004, "soil": "Jory — basalt-derived red clay loam" }, "text": { "what": "A single hill of red volcanic Jory soil north-west of Dundee, and the ground Oregon pinot noir started on in 1965." }, "kin": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "eyrie-vineyards", "as": "Whose South Block vines are the oldest pinot here.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "as": "Built high on the same hill in 1987.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "sokol-blosser", "as": "Planting since 1971, two ridges over.", "rel": "producer" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.28, "lon": -123.05, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-dundee-hills-ava", "s:ecfr-27-9" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres", "label": "AVA area", "value": 6940, "unit": "acres", "year": 2004, "source": "s:wp-dundee-hills-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "acres_planted", "label": "Planted", "value": 1300, "unit": "acres", "year": 2004, "source": "s:wp-dundee-hills-ava", "tier": "cited" } ], "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2004", "year": 2004, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "69 FR 69527, Nov. 30, 2004" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "dundee-hills/dundee-hills-pinot-noir-vineyard-in-the-dundee-hills-ava-of-oregon.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pinot noir vineyard in the Dundee hills AVA of Oregon.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Pinot_noir_vineyard_in_the_Dundee_hills_AVA_of_Oregon.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APinot_noir_vineyard_in_the_Dundee_hills_AVA_of_Oregon.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "Luke", "credit": "Flickr: Wine Country", "alt": "Pinot Noir grapes at Archery Summit in the Willamette Valley wine region of Dundee Hills", "date": "2008-09-12 18:08:45", "primary": true, "sha256": "2ca6b806160344f9049c2bc15cf5bbb7a9612970588afbcc7fa68bf8491ec595" } ], "blurb": "A single hill of red volcanic Jory soil north-west of Dundee, and the ground Oregon pinot noir started on in 1965.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "as": "Whose South Block vines are the oldest pinot here.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Drouhin Oregon", "as": "Built high on the same hill in 1987.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "sokol-blosser", "type": "producer", "name": "Sokol Blosser", "as": "Planting since 1971, two ridges over.", "rel": "producer" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-dundee-hills-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Dundee Hills AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6485071", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355925572", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "dundee-hills/dundee-hills-pinot-noir-vineyard-in-the-dundee-hills-ava-of-oregon.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Pinot noir vineyard in the Dundee hills AVA of Oregon.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Pinot_noir_vineyard_in_the_Dundee_hills_AVA_of_Oregon.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APinot_noir_vineyard_in_the_Dundee_hills_AVA_of_Oregon.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "Luke", "credit": "Flickr: Wine Country", "alt": "Pinot Noir grapes at Archery Summit in the Willamette Valley wine region of Dundee Hills", "date": "2008-09-12 18:08:45", "primary": true, "sha256": "2ca6b806160344f9049c2bc15cf5bbb7a9612970588afbcc7fa68bf8491ec595" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2004", "url": "", "year": 2004, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The red Jory hills where Oregon pinot started.", "rel": "part" }, { "from": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Drouhin Oregon", "as": "The hill it sits high on.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "as": "The hill his first block sits on.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "sokol-blosser", "type": "producer", "name": "Sokol Blosser", "as": "The AVA its blocks sit in.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "eola-amity-hills", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Eola-Amity Hills" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "sub-ava", "established": 2006, "soil": "basalt, marine sediment" }, "text": { "what": "Basalt hills west of Salem with a hole in the Coast Range beside them. Afternoon wind off the Pacific comes through the Van Duzer Corridor, shuts the vines down and holds the acid." }, "kin": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown small-berried here, because the wind stops the vine mid-afternoon.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.0, "lon": -123.15, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-eola-amity-hills-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2006", "year": 2006, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "71 FR 40404, July 17, 2006" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Basalt hills west of Salem with a hole in the Coast Range beside them. Afternoon wind off the Pacific comes through the Van Duzer Corridor, shuts the vines down and holds the acid.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown small-berried here, because the wind stops the vine mid-afternoon.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-eola-amity-hills-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Eola-Amity Hills AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=15488487", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355925595", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2006", "url": "", "year": 2006, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The gap that lets the Van Duzer wind through.", "rel": "part" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "finger-lakes", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Finger Lakes" }, "region": [ "finger-lakes", "new-york" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1982 }, "text": { "what": "Deep glacial lakes in upstate New York holding off the winter. Riesling country, with pinot noir on the better-drained slopes and in the sparkling base." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown where the lake keeps the vine from freezing out.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 42.7, "lon": -76.9, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1982", "year": 1982, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "47 FR 38518, Sept. 1, 1982" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Deep glacial lakes in upstate New York holding off the winter. Riesling country, with pinot noir on the better-drained slopes and in the sparkling base.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "finger-lakes", "name": "Finger Lakes", "country": "United States", "note": "deep glacial lakes holding off the winter" }, { "key": "new-york", "name": "New York", "country": "United States", "note": "the Finger Lakes and Long Island" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown where the lake keeps the vine from freezing out.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1982", "url": "", "year": 1982, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "hemel-en-aarde", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Hemel-en-Aarde", "aliases": [ "Hemel-en-Aarde Valley", "Heaven and Earth" ] }, "region": [ "hemel-en-aarde", "south-africa" ], "facets": { "country": "South Africa", "level": "doc", "soil": "clay over Bokkeveld shale" }, "text": { "what": "A valley behind Hermanus, running inland from Walker Bay, with clay over decomposed shale and cold air off the Atlantic. South Africa's pinot address." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Planted here from the 1970s, on clay that holds water through a dry summer.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The comparison every grower in the valley invites and then complicates.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "geo": { "lat": -34.38, "lon": 19.28, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-walker-bay", "s:wp-south-african-wine", "s:wp-hermanus" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A valley behind Hermanus, running inland from Walker Bay, with clay over decomposed shale and cold air off the Atlantic. South Africa's pinot address.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "hemel-en-aarde", "name": "Hemel-en-Aarde", "country": "South Africa", "note": "clay over shale in the hills above Hermanus" }, { "key": "south-africa", "name": "South Africa", "country": "South Africa", "note": "Walker Bay and the Cape's cool pockets" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Planted here from the 1970s, on clay that holds water through a dry summer.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The comparison every grower in the valley invites and then complicates.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-walker-bay", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Walker Bay", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=10973233", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366780574", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-south-african-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "South African wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=4111898", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372800950", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-hermanus", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Hermanus", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2920807", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371684991", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "jura", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Jura" }, "region": [ "jura" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "level": "region" }, "text": { "what": "One of France's smallest regions — about 1,950 hectares — where pinot noir shares the cellar with poulsard and trousseau and sometimes ends up in the white blend.", "how": "Continental and colder than Burgundy, especially in winter. Pinot noir is permitted in Arbois and Côtes du Jura, alone or blended." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "One of three reds allowed, and rarely the loudest.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Sixty miles west, and the comparison every Jura grower fields.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": 46.9, "lon": 5.65, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-jura-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "Vineyard", "value": 1950, "unit": "ha", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-jura-wine", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "wineries", "label": "Wineries", "value": 230, "unit": "", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-jura-wine", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "One of France's smallest regions — about 1,950 hectares — where pinot noir shares the cellar with poulsard and trousseau and sometimes ends up in the white blend.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "jura", "name": "Jura", "country": "France", "note": "Arbois and Côtes du Jura, often beside poulsard and trousseau" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "One of three reds allowed, and rarely the loudest.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Sixty miles west, and the comparison every Jura grower fields.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-jura-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Jura wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2655795", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364484294", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "los-carneros", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Los Carneros", "aliases": [ "Carneros" ] }, "region": [ "carneros", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1983, "soil": "shallow clay over bedrock" }, "text": { "what": "The cold shoulder where Napa and Sonoma both run down to San Pablo Bay. Wind off the bay every afternoon, clay underfoot, and a harvest that starts weeks before the valley floor upstream." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown for still wine and for sparkling base, often on the same ranch.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "andre-tchelistcheff", "as": "Who argued for this ground when Napa wanted cabernet.", "rel": "person" } ], "geo": { "lat": 38.25, "lon": -122.35, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-los-carneros-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1983", "year": 1983, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "48 FR 37368, Aug. 18, 1983" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The cold shoulder where Napa and Sonoma both run down to San Pablo Bay. Wind off the bay every afternoon, clay underfoot, and a harvest that starts weeks before the valley floor upstream.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "carneros", "name": "Los Carneros", "country": "United States", "note": "the cold shoulder where Napa and Sonoma both reach San Pablo Bay" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown for still wine and for sparkling base, often on the same ranch.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "andre-tchelistcheff", "type": "person", "name": "André Tchelistcheff", "as": "Who argued for this ground when Napa wanted cabernet.", "rel": "person" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-los-carneros-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Los Carneros AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13609419", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372386670", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1983", "url": "", "year": 1983, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "andre-tchelistcheff", "type": "person", "name": "André Tchelistcheff", "as": "The cold shoulder he pointed people toward.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "marlborough", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Marlborough" }, "region": [ "marlborough", "new-zealand" ], "facets": { "country": "New Zealand", "level": "gi" }, "text": { "what": "New Zealand's largest region by a distance, known abroad for sauvignon blanc and holding the country's biggest pinot noir planting almost as a side effect — still wine on the clay of the Southern Valleys, sparkling base on the Wairau gravels." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Planted at scale here, and rarely the headline.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "central-otago", "as": "The region that gets the pinot attention.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "geo": { "lat": -41.52, "lon": 173.85, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-marlborough-wine-region", "s:wp-new-zealand-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "New Zealand's largest region by a distance, known abroad for sauvignon blanc and holding the country's biggest pinot noir planting almost as a side effect — still wine on the clay of the Southern Valleys, sparkling base…", "region_terms": [ { "key": "marlborough", "name": "Marlborough", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "better known for sauvignon blanc; the largest pinot planting in the country" }, { "key": "new-zealand", "name": "New Zealand", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the country pinot noir made its second home" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Planted at scale here, and rarely the headline.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "The region that gets the pinot attention.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-marlborough-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Marlborough wine region", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=62196449", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363939282", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-new-zealand-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "New Zealand wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3974835", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375093713", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "martinborough", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Martinborough" }, "region": [ "martinborough", "new-zealand" ], "facets": { "country": "New Zealand", "level": "gi", "soil": "river gravel over clay" }, "text": { "what": "A gravel terrace at the south end of the North Island, in the rain shadow of the Tararua Range, with a town laid out as a Union Jack. Small, dry, windy, and planted almost entirely to pinot noir." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The reason the terrace was planted at all.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "central-otago", "as": "The country's other pinot argument, 900 km south.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "abel-clone", "as": "Propagated here first, and named for the customs officer.", "rel": "clone" } ], "geo": { "lat": -41.22, "lon": 175.46, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-martinborough", "s:wp-new-zealand-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A gravel terrace at the south end of the North Island, in the rain shadow of the Tararua Range, with a town laid out as a Union Jack. Small, dry, windy, and planted almost entirely to pinot noir.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "martinborough", "name": "Martinborough", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "Wairarapa gravels in the rain shadow of the Tararua Range" }, { "key": "new-zealand", "name": "New Zealand", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the country pinot noir made its second home" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The reason the terrace was planted at all.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "The country's other pinot argument, 900 km south.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "abel-clone", "type": "clone", "name": "Abel clone", "as": "Propagated here first, and named for the customs officer.", "rel": "clone" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-martinborough", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Martinborough", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=979602", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373616656", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-new-zealand-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "New Zealand wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3974835", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375093713", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "abel-clone", "type": "clone", "name": "Abel clone", "as": "Where it was first propagated in quantity.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "mornington-peninsula", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Mornington Peninsula" }, "region": [ "mornington", "australia" ], "facets": { "country": "Australia", "level": "gi" }, "text": { "what": "An hour south of Melbourne with sea on three sides. Maritime, cool, and cut into small holdings — vineyards here are measured in a few hectares, not a few hundred." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown cool and picked early, beside chardonnay.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "yarra-valley", "as": "Victoria's other pinot region, inland and in the hills.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": -38.35, "lon": 145.05, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-mornington-peninsula", "s:wp-australian-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "mornington-peninsula/mornington-peninsula-csiro-scienceimage-1982-pinot-noir-vines-at-the-main-aa1ee67.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:CSIRO ScienceImage 1982 Pinot Noir vines at the Main Ridge Estate.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1982_Pinot_Noir_vines_at_the_Main_Ridge_Estate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACSIRO_ScienceImage_1982_Pinot_Noir_vines_at_the_Main_Ridge_Estate.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": ", CSIRO", "credit": "http://www.scienceimage.csiro.au/image/1982", "alt": "Pinot Noir vines at the Main Ridge Estate vineyard, Mornington Peninsula Victoria, Australia.", "date": "", "primary": true, "sha256": "b0c2edd4fb4ceeee5d6cd9a274aa2023758a28d9b2db44446bd2095f93f2ac4e" } ], "blurb": "An hour south of Melbourne with sea on three sides. Maritime, cool, and cut into small holdings — vineyards here are measured in a few hectares, not a few hundred.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "mornington", "name": "Mornington Peninsula", "country": "Australia", "note": "sea on three sides, an hour from Melbourne" }, { "key": "australia", "name": "Australia", "country": "Australia", "note": "cool corners of a warm continent" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown cool and picked early, beside chardonnay.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "yarra-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Yarra Valley", "as": "Victoria's other pinot region, inland and in the hills.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-mornington-peninsula", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Mornington Peninsula", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=492787", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368089781", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-australian-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Australian wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3959588", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343408200", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "mornington-peninsula/mornington-peninsula-csiro-scienceimage-1982-pinot-noir-vines-at-the-main-aa1ee67.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:CSIRO ScienceImage 1982 Pinot Noir vines at the Main Ridge Estate.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1982_Pinot_Noir_vines_at_the_Main_Ridge_Estate.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACSIRO_ScienceImage_1982_Pinot_Noir_vines_at_the_Main_Ridge_Estate.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/", "author": ", CSIRO", "credit": "http://www.scienceimage.csiro.au/image/1982", "alt": "Pinot Noir vines at the Main Ridge Estate vineyard, Mornington Peninsula Victoria, Australia.", "date": "", "primary": true, "sha256": "b0c2edd4fb4ceeee5d6cd9a274aa2023758a28d9b2db44446bd2095f93f2ac4e" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "yarra-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Yarra Valley", "as": "The maritime alternative, an hour and a half away.", "rel": "neighbour" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "okanagan-valley", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Okanagan Valley" }, "region": [ "okanagan", "canada" ], "facets": { "country": "Canada", "level": "gi" }, "text": { "what": "A long lake moderating a northern desert in British Columbia. Hot days, cold nights, a short season, and pinot noir on the cooler northern end." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown at the lake's cool end.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 49.8, "lon": -119.6, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-okanagan-valley-wine-region" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A long lake moderating a northern desert in British Columbia. Hot days, cold nights, a short season, and pinot noir on the cooler northern end.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "okanagan", "name": "Okanagan Valley", "country": "Canada", "note": "a long lake moderating a northern desert" }, { "key": "canada", "name": "Canada", "country": "Canada", "note": "Okanagan, Niagara, Prince Edward County" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown at the lake's cool end.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-okanagan-valley-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Okanagan Valley (wine region)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=30299619", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289712096", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "ribbon-ridge", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Ribbon Ridge" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "sub-ava", "established": 2005, "soil": "Willakenzie marine sediment" }, "text": { "what": "Three and a half square miles of uniform sedimentary soil rising out of Yamhill-Carlton — one of the smallest AVAs in the country, and one of the tidiest arguments for drawing a line around a single landform." }, "kin": [ { "to": "yamhill-carlton", "as": "The larger AVA that surrounds it.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "And the valley AVA around that.", "rel": "whole" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.35, "lon": -123.1, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-ribbon-ridge-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2005", "year": 2005, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "70 FR 31344, June 1, 2005" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Three and a half square miles of uniform sedimentary soil rising out of Yamhill-Carlton — one of the smallest AVAs in the country, and one of the tidiest arguments for drawing a line around a single landform.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "yamhill-carlton", "type": "region", "name": "Yamhill-Carlton", "as": "The larger AVA that surrounds it.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "And the valley AVA around that.", "rel": "whole" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-ribbon-ridge-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Ribbon Ridge AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=9570398", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362218464", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2005", "url": "", "year": 2005, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "A single small ridge, its own AVA.", "rel": "part" }, { "from": "yamhill-carlton", "type": "region", "name": "Yamhill-Carlton", "as": "The small ridge in the middle of the horseshoe, with its own name.", "rel": "neighbour" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Russian River Valley" }, "region": [ "russian-river", "sonoma", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1983, "soil": "Goldridge sandy loam" }, "text": { "what": "Fog runs up the river gap from the Pacific most summer nights and sits until mid-morning. Sonoma planted pinot noir into that fog and the plantings tripled in a decade.", "story": "Pinot here went from about 4,000 acres to more than 12,000 by 2003, and the 1999 boundary revision was argued on where the fog actually reaches rather than on county lines." }, "kin": [ { "to": "sonoma-coast", "as": "The larger coastal AVA around it.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "williams-selyem", "as": "The winery that made vineyard-designated Russian River pinot the thing to chase.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "merry-edwards", "as": "Who made wine here and put her name on a clone selection.", "rel": "person" } ], "geo": { "lat": 38.48, "lon": -122.87, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-russian-river-valley-ava", "s:ecfr-27-9" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres_pinot", "label": "Pinot noir planted", "value": 12000, "unit": "acres", "year": 2003, "source": "s:wp-russian-river-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" } ], "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1983", "year": 1983, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "48 FR 48813, Oct. 21, 1983" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "russian-river-valley/russian-river-valley-russian-river-valley-vineyard-in-autumn.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Russian River Valley Vineyard in autumn.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Russian_River_Valley_Vineyard_in_autumn.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARussian_River_Valley_Vineyard_in_autumn.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "GoodWineUnder20", "credit": "originally posted to Flickr as Russian River Valley Walk, Wine Bloggers Conference", "alt": "Vineyards in the California wine region of the Russian River Valley in Sonoma", "date": "Taken on 24 October 2008, 22:46:30", "primary": true, "sha256": "cda455eba61700945b113954b1a4c6662d1141c5635ad394c7e64e7e7032a6de" } ], "blurb": "Fog runs up the river gap from the Pacific most summer nights and sits until mid-morning. Sonoma planted pinot noir into that fog and the plantings tripled in a decade.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "russian-river", "name": "Russian River Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "fog up the river valley, and the AVA that taught California what pinot could do" }, { "key": "sonoma", "name": "Sonoma County", "country": "United States", "note": "Russian River, the true coast, Carneros' western half" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "sonoma-coast", "type": "region", "name": "Sonoma Coast", "as": "The larger coastal AVA around it.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "williams-selyem", "type": "producer", "name": "Williams Selyem", "as": "The winery that made vineyard-designated Russian River pinot the thing to chase.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "merry-edwards", "type": "person", "name": "Merry Edwards", "as": "Who made wine here and put her name on a clone selection.", "rel": "person" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-russian-river-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Russian River Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13610140", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355926003", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "russian-river-valley/russian-river-valley-russian-river-valley-vineyard-in-autumn.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Russian River Valley Vineyard in autumn.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Russian_River_Valley_Vineyard_in_autumn.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARussian_River_Valley_Vineyard_in_autumn.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "GoodWineUnder20", "credit": "originally posted to Flickr as Russian River Valley Walk, Wine Bloggers Conference", "alt": "Vineyards in the California wine region of the Russian River Valley in Sonoma", "date": "Taken on 24 October 2008, 22:46:30", "primary": true, "sha256": "cda455eba61700945b113954b1a4c6662d1141c5635ad394c7e64e7e7032a6de" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1983", "url": "", "year": 1983, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "anderson-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Anderson Valley", "as": "The other California fog corridor, an hour south.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "sonoma-coast", "type": "region", "name": "Sonoma Coast", "as": "Its warmer inland neighbour.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "williams-selyem", "type": "producer", "name": "Williams Selyem", "as": "The AVA whose reputation it built.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "swan-selection", "type": "clone", "name": "Swan selection", "as": "Where it comes from and mostly stays.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "burt-williams", "type": "person", "name": "Burt Williams", "as": "The AVA his labels advertised.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "merry-edwards", "type": "person", "name": "Merry Edwards", "as": "Where her own vineyards sit.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "sancerre", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Sancerre" }, "region": [ "loire" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "level": "commune" }, "text": { "what": "Better known for sauvignon blanc, and still making red and rosé from pinot noir on the same Kimmeridgian slopes — lighter than Burgundy, good cold.", "story": "The Loire's upper reaches answered to the dukes of Burgundy, which is the usual explanation for pinot noir being here at all." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown light, and often drunk chilled.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The duchy this ground once answered to.", "rel": "origin" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.33, "lon": 2.84, "precision": "town" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-sancerre-aoc" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Better known for sauvignon blanc, and still making red and rosé from pinot noir on the same Kimmeridgian slopes — lighter than Burgundy, good cold.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "loire", "name": "Loire", "country": "France", "note": "Sancerre rouge, Menetou-Salon, the northern edge of ripeness" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown light, and often drunk chilled.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The duchy this ground once answered to.", "rel": "origin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-sancerre-aoc", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Sancerre (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1606878", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374514443", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "santa-cruz-mountains", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains" }, "region": [ "santa-cruz-mountains", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1981 }, "text": { "what": "Vines scattered through fault-ridge forest either side of the range, some facing the ocean, some facing the bay, none of them flat. Martin Ray planted pinot noir here when almost nobody in California would." }, "kin": [ { "to": "martin-ray", "as": "Who kept pinot noir alive on this ridge through the 1940s and 1950s.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "mount-eden", "as": "The selection that came off his vineyard and travelled.", "rel": "clone" } ], "geo": { "lat": 37.15, "lon": -122.05, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-santa-cruz-mountains-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1981", "year": 1981, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "46 FR 59240, Dec. 4, 1981" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Vines scattered through fault-ridge forest either side of the range, some facing the ocean, some facing the bay, none of them flat. Martin Ray planted pinot noir here when almost nobody in California would.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-cruz-mountains", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "country": "United States", "note": "fault ridges either side of the range; Martin Ray's ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "martin-ray", "type": "person", "name": "Martin Ray", "as": "Who kept pinot noir alive on this ridge through the 1940s and 1950s.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "mount-eden", "type": "clone", "name": "Mount Eden selection", "as": "The selection that came off his vineyard and travelled.", "rel": "clone" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-cruz-mountains-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Cruz Mountains AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13510227", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372397285", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1981", "url": "", "year": 1981, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "mount-eden", "type": "clone", "name": "Mount Eden selection", "as": "The ridge it comes off.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "martin-ray", "type": "person", "name": "Martin Ray", "as": "The ridge he farmed.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "paul-masson-person", "type": "person", "name": "Paul Masson", "as": "Where he planted.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "santa-lucia-highlands", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Santa Lucia Highlands" }, "region": [ "santa-lucia-highlands", "central-coast", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1992 }, "text": { "what": "Terraces on the east face of the Santa Lucia range, above the Salinas Valley floor. The wind comes up the valley every afternoon hard enough to shape the canopy." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Planted on the benches above the fog line.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "Another Central Coast valley that runs the wrong way and gets away with it.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": 36.45, "lon": -121.4, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-santa-lucia-highlands-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1992", "year": 1992, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "57 FR 20764, May 15, 1992" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Terraces on the east face of the Santa Lucia range, above the Salinas Valley floor. The wind comes up the valley every afternoon hard enough to shape the canopy.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-lucia-highlands", "name": "Santa Lucia Highlands", "country": "United States", "note": "benchland terraces above the Salinas Valley wind" }, { "key": "central-coast", "name": "Central Coast", "country": "United States", "note": "Monterey down to Santa Barbara, an AVA large enough to hold several climates" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Planted on the benches above the fog line.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "Another Central Coast valley that runs the wrong way and gets away with it.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-lucia-highlands-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Lucia Highlands AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=15414637", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355926056", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1992", "url": "", "year": 1992, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Santa Maria Valley" }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "santa-barbara", "central-coast", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1981, "soil": "sandy loam to clay loam; alluvial floor, shaly slopes" }, "text": { "what": "A funnel opening west to the Pacific at 34.9°N — further south than anywhere sensible for pinot noir, and colder through the growing season than most of Oregon. The transverse ranges turn this valley east-west, the ocean walks straight in, and summer averages 75°F.", "story": "Grapes grew here in the 1830s, under the Mexican land grants. Modern planting starts in 1964 with a hundred acres; by the mid-1970s there were over 2,000. The AVA came on 5 August 1981 — the country's third, California's second, and the first for either county. In 2010 the TTB pushed the southern line out to the watershed, adding 18,790 acres and nine vineyards.", "how": "Morning fog takes hours to burn off and afternoon wind replaces it. Winkler Region I. Under 14 inches of rain in a normal year, so nearly everything is irrigated.", "today": "Pinot noir and chardonnay are the appellation's two flagship varieties — and the same valley cooks the beef that made it famous, over oak cut off these hills." }, "kin": [ { "to": "bien-nacido", "as": "The bench planting that sells this valley's fruit to half of California.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "Beef, red oak and pinot noir out of one valley — the long version.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "as": "What the valley eats, and the argument about what to pour with it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "as": "The county's other pinot valley, half an hour south.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "au-bon-climat", "as": "Jim Clendenen's winery, built inside Bien Nacido.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "as": "The body that polices what the phrase on the menu means.", "rel": "org" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.93, "lon": -120.25, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-santa-maria-valley" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres", "label": "AVA area after the 2010 expansion", "value": 116273, "unit": "acres", "year": 2010, "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "acres_planted", "label": "Cultivated vineyard", "value": 7500, "unit": "acres", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "summer_mean_f", "label": "Average summer temperature", "value": 75, "unit": "°F", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "rainfall_in", "label": "Annual rainfall in non-drought years", "value": 14, "unit": "inches", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "tier": "cited", "note": "stated as less than" }, { "key": "latitude", "label": "Latitude", "value": 34.9, "unit": "°N", "year": null, "source": "s:this-project", "tier": "cited", "note": "computed from this record's own coordinates" } ], "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1981", "year": 1981, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "46 FR 39812, Aug. 5, 1981; expanded 75 FR 81849, Dec. 29, 2010" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A funnel opening west to the Pacific at 34.9°N — further south than anywhere sensible for pinot noir, and colder through the growing season than most of Oregon.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "central-coast", "name": "Central Coast", "country": "United States", "note": "Monterey down to Santa Barbara, an AVA large enough to hold several climates" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "The bench planting that sells this valley's fruit to half of California.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "Beef, red oak and pinot noir out of one valley — the long version.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "What the valley eats, and the argument about what to pour with it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "The county's other pinot valley, half an hour south.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "au-bon-climat", "type": "producer", "name": "Au Bon Climat", "as": "Jim Clendenen's winery, built inside Bien Nacido.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "as": "The body that polices what the phrase on the menu means.", "rel": "org" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=10711580", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360626562", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=10711580", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360626562", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1981", "url": "", "year": 1981, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-lucia-highlands", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Lucia Highlands", "as": "Another Central Coast valley that runs the wrong way and gets away with it.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "The county's other pinot valley, half an hour north.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "The AVA it helped define.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "au-bon-climat", "type": "producer", "name": "Au Bon Climat", "as": "The valley it argued for.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "pinquito-beans", "type": "pairing", "name": "Pinquito beans", "as": "The only ground that grows them at scale.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "red-oak", "type": "pairing", "name": "Red oak", "as": "The hills it grows on.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The valley that also grows pinot noir on the same hills.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "bob-schutz", "type": "person", "name": "Bob Schutz", "as": "His town, and the valley it made famous.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "jim-clendenen", "type": "person", "name": "Jim Clendenen", "as": "The valley he argued for.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "santa-barbara-vintners", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Barbara Vintners", "as": "One of the AVAs it represents.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "as": "The valley whose name is on the menu.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "ttb", "type": "org", "name": "TTB", "as": "Established under its predecessor bureau in 1981.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "world-of-pinot-noir", "type": "event", "name": "World of Pinot Noir", "as": "Half an hour north, and well represented.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "ava", "type": "term", "name": "AVA", "as": "Established 1981: the country's third.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "the-sideways-effect", "type": "story", "name": "One film, measured", "as": "Half an hour north of the film's route, and a beneficiary.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The AVA on the same ground.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "sonoma-coast", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Sonoma Coast" }, "region": [ "sonoma-coast", "sonoma", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1987 }, "text": { "what": "An AVA big enough to be an argument: it runs from the Pacific bluffs inland across most of the county. The vines that gave it its name sit on the far western ridges, cold and steep, and growers there spent years carving out smaller names.", "today": "Fort Ross-Seaview came out of it in 2011, West Sonoma Coast in 2022 — both drawn tighter and closer to the ocean." }, "kin": [ { "to": "russian-river-valley", "as": "Its warmer inland neighbour.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown at the edge of where it will ripen at all.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 38.5, "lon": -123.1, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-sonoma-coast-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1987", "year": 1987, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "52 FR 22304, June 11, 1987" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "An AVA big enough to be an argument: it runs from the Pacific bluffs inland across most of the county.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "sonoma-coast", "name": "Sonoma Coast", "country": "United States", "note": "a vast AVA and, at its western edge, vines within sight of the Pacific" }, { "key": "sonoma", "name": "Sonoma County", "country": "United States", "note": "Russian River, the true coast, Carneros' western half" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "Its warmer inland neighbour.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown at the edge of where it will ripen at all.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-sonoma-coast-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Sonoma Coast AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13610213", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355926109", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1987", "url": "", "year": 1987, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "The larger coastal AVA around it.", "rel": "neighbour" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "aliases": [ "Santa Rita Hills" ] }, "region": [ "sta-rita-hills", "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "sub-ava", "established": 2001, "soil": "diatomaceous shale, sandy loam" }, "text": { "what": "A wind tunnel between Buellton and Lompoc where the Santa Ynez Valley opens west to the ocean. Fog in the morning, thirty-knot afternoons, and some of the slowest ripening in California.", "story": "Petitioned by growers inside the Santa Ynez Valley AVA who wanted their own name, and established as Santa Rita Hills in 2001. Chile's Viña Santa Rita objected; the TTB shortened it to Sta. Rita Hills in 2005, and the label now carries an abbreviation nobody says out loud." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The county's other pinot valley, half an hour north.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "sanford-and-benedict", "as": "The 1971 planting that proved the ground.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "richard-sanford", "as": "Who read the weather maps and picked this gap.", "rel": "person" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.63, "lon": -120.4, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava", "s:ecfr-27-9" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres", "label": "AVA area at designation", "value": 30720, "unit": "acres", "year": 2001, "source": "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava", "tier": "cited" } ], "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2001", "year": 2001, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "66 FR 29479, May 31, 2001; renamed 70 FR 72713, Dec. 7, 2005" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A wind tunnel between Buellton and Lompoc where the Santa Ynez Valley opens west to the ocean. Fog in the morning, thirty-knot afternoons, and some of the slowest ripening in California.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "sta-rita-hills", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "country": "United States", "note": "a wind tunnel between Buellton and Lompoc" }, { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The county's other pinot valley, half an hour north.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "sanford-and-benedict", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Sanford & Benedict", "as": "The 1971 planting that proved the ground.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "richard-sanford", "type": "person", "name": "Richard Sanford", "as": "Who read the weather maps and picked this gap.", "rel": "person" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Sta. Rita Hills AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=15415082", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370033962", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2001", "url": "", "year": 2001, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The county's other pinot valley, half an hour south.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "sanford-and-benedict", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Sanford & Benedict", "as": "The AVA drawn around this ground thirty years later.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "richard-sanford", "type": "person", "name": "Richard Sanford", "as": "The AVA drawn around that ground in 2001.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "santa-barbara-vintners", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Barbara Vintners", "as": "And the other.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "ttb", "type": "org", "name": "TTB", "as": "And renamed by the TTB in 2005 after a trademark objection.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "world-of-pinot-noir", "type": "event", "name": "World of Pinot Noir", "as": "And the other local AVA.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "the-sideways-effect", "type": "story", "name": "One film, measured", "as": "Where much of it was filmed.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "tasmania", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Tasmania" }, "region": [ "tasmania", "australia" ], "facets": { "country": "Australia", "level": "gi" }, "text": { "what": "Australia's coldest vineyards, split between the Tamar in the north and the Coal River and Derwent in the south. Most of the pinot noir goes into sparkling base; the rest is picked ripe enough to bottle red." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Grown for bubbles first, red second.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "champagne", "as": "The model the sparkling program copies, at 42°S.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "geo": { "lat": -41.6, "lon": 147.2, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-tasmanian-wine", "s:wp-australian-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Australia's coldest vineyards, split between the Tamar in the north and the Coal River and Derwent in the south. Most of the pinot noir goes into sparkling base; the rest is picked ripe enough to bottle red.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "tasmania", "name": "Tasmania", "country": "Australia", "note": "the coolest Australian ground; sparkling base and still red" }, { "key": "australia", "name": "Australia", "country": "Australia", "note": "cool corners of a warm continent" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Grown for bubbles first, red second.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "champagne", "type": "region", "name": "Champagne", "as": "The model the sparkling program copies, at 42°S.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-tasmanian-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Tasmanian wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13566419", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343408247", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-australian-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Australian wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3959588", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343408200", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Willamette Valley" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "ava", "established": 1983, "soil": "volcanic Jory, marine sedimentary, windblown loess" }, "text": { "what": "Three and a half million acres of Oregon between the Coast Range and the Cascades, of which a thin band of hillside grows pinot noir. Eleven AVAs now sit inside it.", "story": "David Lett planted pinot noir at Dundee in 1965 against the advice of everyone at Davis, who said Oregon was too cold and too wet. His 1975 Eyrie South Block Reserve placed tenth in a 1979 Paris tasting, Robert Drouhin re-ran the comparison in Beaune the following year, and the Burgundians started buying land. Adelsheim chaired the committee that petitioned for the AVA in 1983.", "how": "Cool and wet, with rain that arrives near harvest and decides the vintage. Growers pick on the forecast as much as on sugar.", "today": "Pinot noir covered 24,729 acres of Oregon in 2022 and brought the highest price per ton of any variety in the state." }, "kin": [ { "to": "dundee-hills", "as": "The red Jory hills where Oregon pinot started.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "eola-amity-hills", "as": "The gap that lets the Van Duzer wind through.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "yamhill-carlton", "as": "Old marine sediment, and vines that ripen early.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "ribbon-ridge", "as": "A single small ridge, its own AVA.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "david-lett", "as": "Who planted the first pinot noir here and argued for the rest.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "eyrie-vineyards", "as": "The winery that made the 1975 that changed the argument.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "as": "Burgundy buying in, four years after the tasting.", "rel": "producer" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.2, "lon": -123.1, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-willamette-valley-ava", "s:wp-oregon-wine", "s:ecfr-27-9" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres", "label": "AVA area", "value": 3430000, "unit": "acres", "year": 1983, "source": "s:wp-willamette-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "sub_avas", "label": "AVAs inside it", "value": 11, "unit": "", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-willamette-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "acres_pinot", "label": "Oregon pinot noir", "value": 24729, "unit": "acres", "year": 2022, "source": "s:wp-oregon-wine", "tier": "cited" } ], "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1983", "year": 1983, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "48 FR 54221, Dec. 1, 1983; boundary amended 81 FR 11112, Mar. 3, 2016" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "willamette-valley/willamette-valley-vineyard-in-willamette-valley.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vineyard in Willamette Valley.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Vineyard_in_Willamette_Valley.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVineyard_in_Willamette_Valley.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "David Burn", "credit": "Flickr: IMG_6185", "alt": "Vineyard in the Oregon wine region of Willamette Valley", "date": "2009-10-11 01:25:26", "primary": true, "sha256": "d3dffc146921275c4bda74945e3b2ee2dd1ec3952f319277e5599c0f8cc63ce2" } ], "blurb": "Three and a half million acres of Oregon between the Coast Range and the Cascades, of which a thin band of hillside grows pinot noir. Eleven AVAs now sit inside it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Dundee Hills", "as": "The red Jory hills where Oregon pinot started.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "eola-amity-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Eola-Amity Hills", "as": "The gap that lets the Van Duzer wind through.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "yamhill-carlton", "type": "region", "name": "Yamhill-Carlton", "as": "Old marine sediment, and vines that ripen early.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "ribbon-ridge", "type": "region", "name": "Ribbon Ridge", "as": "A single small ridge, its own AVA.", "rel": "part" }, { "to": "david-lett", "type": "person", "name": "David Lett", "as": "Who planted the first pinot noir here and argued for the rest.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "as": "The winery that made the 1975 that changed the argument.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Drouhin Oregon", "as": "Burgundy buying in, four years after the tasting.", "rel": "producer" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-willamette-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Willamette Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6470250", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361730329", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-oregon-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Oregon wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6426696", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373054628", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "willamette-valley/willamette-valley-vineyard-in-willamette-valley.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vineyard in Willamette Valley.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Vineyard_in_Willamette_Valley.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVineyard_in_Willamette_Valley.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "David Burn", "credit": "Flickr: IMG_6185", "alt": "Vineyard in the Oregon wine region of Willamette Valley", "date": "2009-10-11 01:25:26", "primary": true, "sha256": "d3dffc146921275c4bda74945e3b2ee2dd1ec3952f319277e5599c0f8cc63ce2" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 1983", "url": "", "year": 1983, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Dundee Hills", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "eola-amity-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Eola-Amity Hills", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "ribbon-ridge", "type": "region", "name": "Ribbon Ridge", "as": "And the valley AVA around that.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "yamhill-carlton", "type": "region", "name": "Yamhill-Carlton", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "adelsheim", "type": "producer", "name": "Adelsheim Vineyard", "as": "Whose 1983 AVA petition he chaired.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "as": "The valley he argued into existence as a wine region.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "joseph-drouhin", "type": "producer", "name": "Maison Joseph Drouhin", "as": "Where Robert Drouhin re-ran the 1979 tasting and then bought land.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "sokol-blosser", "type": "producer", "name": "Sokol Blosser", "as": "One of the valley's founding estates.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "wadenswil-ucd2a", "type": "clone", "name": "Wädenswil, UCD 2A", "as": "Where the pairing did the early work.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "salmon", "type": "pairing", "name": "Salmon", "as": "The valley that grows the wine beside the river.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "david-lett", "type": "person", "name": "David Lett", "as": "The valley he bet on.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "oregon-wine-board", "type": "org", "name": "Oregon Wine Board", "as": "The region most of its numbers describe.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "ipnc", "type": "event", "name": "International Pinot Noir Celebration", "as": "The valley that hosts it.", "rel": "region" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "yamhill-carlton", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Yamhill-Carlton" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "level": "sub-ava", "established": 2004, "soil": "ancient marine sedimentary" }, "text": { "what": "A horseshoe of old marine sediment around the towns of Yamhill and Carlton, draining fast and ripening early." }, "kin": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "ribbon-ridge", "as": "The small ridge in the middle of the horseshoe, with its own name.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.3, "lon": -123.25, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-yamhill-carlton-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "ttb", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2004", "year": 2004, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "note": "69 FR 71374, Dec. 9, 2004" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A horseshoe of old marine sediment around the towns of Yamhill and Carlton, draining fast and ripening early.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The valley AVA this sits inside.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "ribbon-ridge", "type": "region", "name": "Ribbon Ridge", "as": "The small ridge in the middle of the horseshoe, with its own name.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-yamhill-carlton-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Yamhill-Carlton AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6485102", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361937775", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "ttb", "label": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "what": "American Viticultural Area, established 2004", "url": "", "year": 2004, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "ribbon-ridge", "type": "region", "name": "Ribbon Ridge", "as": "The larger AVA that surrounds it.", "rel": "whole" }, { "from": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "Old marine sediment, and vines that ripen early.", "rel": "part" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "yarra-valley", "type": "region", "names": { "name": "Yarra Valley" }, "region": [ "yarra", "australia" ], "facets": { "country": "Australia", "level": "gi" }, "text": { "what": "Hills north-east of Melbourne, planted in the 1830s, pulled out by the 1920s, replanted from the 1960s. Cool sites high in the valley grow pinot noir for still wine and for sparkling." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Replanted here first among Australia's cool regions.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "mornington-peninsula", "as": "The maritime alternative, an hour and a half away.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": -37.65, "lon": 145.45, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-yarra-valley", "s:wp-australian-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Hills north-east of Melbourne, planted in the 1830s, pulled out by the 1920s, replanted from the 1960s. Cool sites high in the valley grow pinot noir for still wine and for sparkling.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "yarra", "name": "Yarra Valley", "country": "Australia", "note": "cool hills where Australian pinot got serious" }, { "key": "australia", "name": "Australia", "country": "Australia", "note": "cool corners of a warm continent" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Replanted here first among Australia's cool regions.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "mornington-peninsula", "type": "region", "name": "Mornington Peninsula", "as": "The maritime alternative, an hour and a half away.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-yarra-valley", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Yarra Valley", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=34386", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344863701", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-australian-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Australian wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3959588", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343408200", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "mornington-peninsula", "type": "region", "name": "Mornington Peninsula", "as": "Victoria's other pinot region, inland and in the hills.", "rel": "neighbour" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "Bien Nacido", "aliases": [ "Bien Nacido Vineyards", "Rancho Tepusquet" ] }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1969, "soil": "sand, chalk and marine loam" }, "text": { "what": "Eight hundred acres on the Santa Maria bench, planted in 1969 and farmed row by row for whoever buys the rows. Over 250 acres of it is pinot noir, and the vineyard's name appears on more labels than most wineries manage.", "story": "Tomás Olivera took the Rancho Tepusquet grant from Governor Alvarado in 1837; Chumash had fished Tepusquet Creek long before that. Juan Pacífico Ontiveros built the adobe in 1857 and farmed grain, stock and wine grapes. The Millers bought in 1969, reunited two parcels of the grant and planted vines.", "how": "Blocks are sold by area rather than by the ton, so a winemaker who wants to crop hard is not arguing with a grower paid by weight. Some customers have bought the same rows for over twenty years and print the block on the label.", "today": "Also one of California's larger sources of certified budwood — a good deal of the state's chardonnay started as cuttings from here." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The AVA it helped define.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "au-bon-climat", "as": "Jim Clendenen's winery, on the property.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "The same ranch land that fed the vaquero barbecues.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "as": "What a budwood block is for.", "rel": "practice" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.92, "lon": -120.25, "precision": "street" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "s:wp-rancho-tepusquet", "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres_planted", "label": "Planted", "value": 800, "unit": "acres", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "tier": "cited", "note": "stated as over 800" }, { "key": "acres_pinot", "label": "Pinot noir", "value": 250, "unit": "acres", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "tier": "cited", "note": "stated as over 250" }, { "key": "rainfall_in", "label": "Annual rainfall", "value": 13, "unit": "inches", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "tier": "cited", "note": "stated as 12 to 14" } ], "tags": [ { "tag": "family-owned", "source": "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "tier": "cited", "note": "the Miller family, a branch of the Broome family, since 1969" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Eight hundred acres on the Santa Maria bench, planted in 1969 and farmed row by row for whoever buys the rows. Over 250 acres of it is pinot noir, and the vineyard's name appears on more labels than most wineries manage.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The AVA it helped define.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "au-bon-climat", "type": "producer", "name": "Au Bon Climat", "as": "Jim Clendenen's winery, on the property.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The same ranch land that fed the vaquero barbecues.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "What a budwood block is for.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Bien Nacido Vineyards", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6614595", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368046917", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-rancho-tepusquet", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Rancho Tepusquet", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=26442607", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304255405", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=10711580", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360626562", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [ { "key": "family-owned", "label": "Family-held", "icon": "👪", "group": "ownership", "evidence": "the cellar's own account naming the family and the generation, or a press profile", "resources": [], "source": "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "note": "the Miller family, a branch of the Broome family, since 1969", "tier": "cited", "url": "" } ], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The bench planting that sells this valley's fruit to half of California.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "from": "au-bon-climat", "type": "producer", "name": "Au Bon Climat", "as": "The vineyard it lives inside and buys from.", "rel": "grown-at" }, { "from": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "Where certified budwood gets grown at scale instead.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "from": "jim-clendenen", "type": "person", "name": "Jim Clendenen", "as": "Where it lives.", "rel": "grown-at" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The vineyard planted on the old Tepusquet grant.", "rel": "vineyard" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "chambertin", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "Chambertin" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Gevrey's grand cru on the mid-slope, and the name the village bolted onto its own in 1847 — the first commune in Burgundy to do it, and the start of every double-barrelled name on the Côte." }, "kin": [ { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where the habit of appending the best vineyard to the village name began.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.22, "lon": 4.96, "precision": "street" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-gevrey-chambertin", "s:wp-burgundy-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares_village", "label": "Gevrey-Chambertin planted to pinot noir", "value": 310, "unit": "ha", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-gevrey-chambertin", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "chambertin/chambertin-vineyards-gevrey-chambertin.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vineyards Gevrey-Chambertin.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Vineyards_Gevrey-Chambertin.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVineyards_Gevrey-Chambertin.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Urban", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Vignoble de Gevrey-Chambertin, Bourgogne, France.", "date": "2006-07-26", "primary": true, "sha256": "f097f01d340677dd49c9c502a101779e111e2ab07a2cd659ad4b7a4a69485dae" } ], "blurb": "Gevrey's grand cru on the mid-slope, and the name the village bolted onto its own in 1847 — the first commune in Burgundy to do it, and the start of every double-barrelled name on the Côte.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where the habit of appending the best vineyard to the village name began.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-gevrey-chambertin", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Gevrey-Chambertin", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2747537", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351994781", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "chambertin/chambertin-vineyards-gevrey-chambertin.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Vineyards Gevrey-Chambertin.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Vineyards_Gevrey-Chambertin.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVineyards_Gevrey-Chambertin.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "Urban", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Vignoble de Gevrey-Chambertin, Bourgogne, France.", "date": "2006-07-26", "primary": true, "sha256": "f097f01d340677dd49c9c502a101779e111e2ab07a2cd659ad4b7a4a69485dae" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "Gevrey's grand cru, and the one Napoleon is said to have carried.", "rel": "vineyard" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "clos-de-vougeot", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "Clos de Vougeot" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "soil": "limestone at the top, clay at the bottom" }, "text": { "what": "Fifty hectares behind a wall the Cistercians of Cîteaux built, and more than eighty owners inside it. One name on every label, and a slope that runs from grand cru ground at the top to heavy clay by the road.", "story": "Bought or gifted to the monks between the twelfth and early fourteenth centuries, farmed as one block for six hundred years, then broken up after the Revolution and split again at every inheritance. The wall is the appellation; the ground inside it is not one thing." }, "kin": [ { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "climat", "as": "The unit this vineyard is usually held up to explain — and to complicate.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where dividing land by inheritance became the system.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.176, "lon": 4.955, "precision": "street" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-clos-de-vougeot" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "Appellation area", "value": 50.6, "unit": "ha", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-clos-de-vougeot", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "hectares_producing", "label": "In production", "value": 47.3, "unit": "ha", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-clos-de-vougeot", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "owners", "label": "Owners", "value": 80, "unit": "", "year": 2000, "source": "s:wp-clos-de-vougeot", "tier": "cited", "note": "stated as more than 80 in the early 2000s" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "clos-de-vougeot/clos-de-vougeot-chateau-du-clos-de-vougeot-4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chateau du clos de Vougeot 4.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chateau_du_clos_de_Vougeot_4.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChateau_du_clos_de_Vougeot_4.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Arnaud 25", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Clos Vougeot", "date": "2006-10-20", "primary": true, "sha256": "2468c26df36ef2740c64afa369f862c33295d0f215629f0d96e2fa9a6a1507d5" } ], "blurb": "Fifty hectares behind a wall the Cistercians of Cîteaux built, and more than eighty owners inside it. One name on every label, and a slope that runs from grand cru ground at the top to heavy clay by the road.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "The unit this vineyard is usually held up to explain — and to complicate.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where dividing land by inheritance became the system.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-clos-de-vougeot", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Clos de Vougeot", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1967576", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1256308730", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "clos-de-vougeot/clos-de-vougeot-chateau-du-clos-de-vougeot-4.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Chateau du clos de Vougeot 4.JPG", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Chateau_du_clos_de_Vougeot_4.JPG?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChateau_du_clos_de_Vougeot_4.JPG", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Arnaud 25", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Clos Vougeot", "date": "2006-10-20", "primary": true, "sha256": "2468c26df36ef2740c64afa369f862c33295d0f215629f0d96e2fa9a6a1507d5" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "Fifty hectares, eighty owners, one grand cru name.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "from": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "One name, fifty hectares, and a lesson about what a climat does not tell you.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "from": "monopole", "type": "term", "name": "Monopole", "as": "The opposite case: one name, eighty owners.", "rel": "contrast" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "corton", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "Corton" }, "region": [ "cote-de-beaune", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "The hill above Aloxe, and Burgundy's largest grand cru: 95 hectares in production, nearly all of it red, and the only red grand cru on the Côte de Beaune." }, "kin": [ { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "as": "The district whose only red grand cru this is.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "hospices-de-beaune", "as": "Whose auction lots include Corton parcels given by donors.", "rel": "org" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.07, "lon": 4.86, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-corton-aoc" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "In production", "value": 94.78, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-corton-aoc", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "hectolitres", "label": "Wine made", "value": 2984, "unit": "hl", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-corton-aoc", "tier": "cited", "note": "2,822 hl red, 162 hl white" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "corton/corton-corton-hill-nov-2009.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Corton hill Nov 2009.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Corton_hill_Nov_2009.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACorton_hill_Nov_2009.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Tomas er", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The Corton hill as seen from southwest (by D18 road at les Basses Vergelesses). Most of the vineyards on the hill are in the Corton climats of le Charlemagne (left) and les Pougets (right), both in Al", "date": "2009-11-02", "primary": true, "sha256": "28154396cb9e798b14c67ac3976ee74fb455aa2134ba19e7b2c600d7bcc8500a" } ], "blurb": "The hill above Aloxe, and Burgundy's largest grand cru: 95 hectares in production, nearly all of it red, and the only red grand cru on the Côte de Beaune.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-beaune", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "country": "France", "note": "Corton south to Santenay; reds and the great whites share the hill" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "The district whose only red grand cru this is.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "hospices-de-beaune", "type": "org", "name": "Hospices de Beaune", "as": "Whose auction lots include Corton parcels given by donors.", "rel": "org" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-corton-aoc", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Corton (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1972868", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333880654", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "corton/corton-corton-hill-nov-2009.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Corton hill Nov 2009.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Corton_hill_Nov_2009.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACorton_hill_Nov_2009.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Tomas er", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "The Corton hill as seen from southwest (by D18 road at les Basses Vergelesses). Most of the vineyards on the hill are in the Corton climats of le Charlemagne (left) and les Pougets (right), both in Al", "date": "2009-11-02", "primary": true, "sha256": "28154396cb9e798b14c67ac3976ee74fb455aa2134ba19e7b2c600d7bcc8500a" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "The hill that holds the district's only red grand cru.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "from": "hospices-de-beaune", "type": "org", "name": "Hospices de Beaune", "as": "Among the parcels it holds.", "rel": "vineyard" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "la-tache", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "La Tâche" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "soil": "limestone, marl" }, "text": { "what": "Five hectares in Vosne-Romanée, one owner, about 12,700 bottles. The appellation rules set 35 hl/ha, 9,000 vines to the hectare and 11.5% potential alcohol before anyone picks." }, "kin": [ { "to": "drc", "as": "Its sole owner.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "romanee-conti", "as": "Its neighbour, and the more famous half of the same domaine.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.16, "lon": 4.953, "precision": "street" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "In production", "value": 5.03, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "bottles", "label": "Bottles produced", "value": 12700, "unit": "bottles", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "density", "label": "Minimum planting density", "value": 9000, "unit": "vines/ha", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc", "tier": "cited" } ], "tags": [ { "tag": "monopole", "source": "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Five hectares in Vosne-Romanée, one owner, about 12,700 bottles. The appellation rules set 35 hl/ha, 9,000 vines to the hectare and 11.5% potential alcohol before anyone picks.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "drc", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "as": "Its sole owner.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "Its neighbour, and the more famous half of the same domaine.", "rel": "neighbour" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "La Tâche AOC", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=24833557", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287613431", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [ { "key": "monopole", "label": "Monopole", "icon": "🔑", "group": "holding", "evidence": "one owner holds the whole named site; the appellation body or the owner says so", "resources": [ "r:inao" ], "source": "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc", "note": "", "tier": "cited", "url": "" } ], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "The other monopole down the same slope.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "drc", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "as": "Its other monopole.", "rel": "owns" }, { "from": "high-density-planting", "type": "practice", "name": "High-density planting", "as": "Where the 9,000-vine minimum is written into the appellation.", "rel": "region" }, { "from": "monopole", "type": "term", "name": "Monopole", "as": "Five hectares, the same owner.", "rel": "vineyard" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "musigny", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "Musigny" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "soil": "thin limestone over rock" }, "text": { "what": "Ten hectares above Chambolle, the one grand cru of the Côte de Nuits that also makes a white — about two thirds of a hectare of it." }, "kin": [ { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "chardonnay", "as": "The exception planted here: Musigny blanc.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.19, "lon": 4.96, "precision": "street" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-le-musigny" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "In production", "value": 10.32, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-le-musigny", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "hectares_white", "label": "Planted to white", "value": 0.66, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-le-musigny", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "musigny/musigny-village-et-vignes-de-chambolle-musigny-c-te-d-or-06.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Village et vignes de Chambolle-Musigny (Côte-d'Or) 06.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Village_et_vignes_de_Chambolle-Musigny_%28C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%29_06.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVillage_et_vignes_de_Chambolle-Musigny_%28C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%29_06.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Jean de l'Auxois", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Village et vignes de Chambolle-Musigny, Côte-d'Or.", "date": "2022-05-21 10:33:42", "primary": true, "sha256": "d67db2af77c2a469219cf730c6f716fcd3768733d1741d56df9cd6079a9a3eaf" } ], "blurb": "Ten hectares above Chambolle, the one grand cru of the Côte de Nuits that also makes a white — about two thirds of a hectare of it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "chardonnay", "type": "variety", "name": "Chardonnay", "as": "The exception planted here: Musigny blanc.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-le-musigny", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Musigny AOC", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13983508", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366444357", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "musigny/musigny-village-et-vignes-de-chambolle-musigny-c-te-d-or-06.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Village et vignes de Chambolle-Musigny (Côte-d'Or) 06.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Village_et_vignes_de_Chambolle-Musigny_%28C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%29_06.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AVillage_et_vignes_de_Chambolle-Musigny_%28C%C3%B4te-d%27Or%29_06.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Jean de l'Auxois", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Village et vignes de Chambolle-Musigny, Côte-d'Or.", "date": "2022-05-21 10:33:42", "primary": true, "sha256": "d67db2af77c2a469219cf730c6f716fcd3768733d1741d56df9cd6079a9a3eaf" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "Chambolle's grand cru, where the wine goes lace-fine.", "rel": "vineyard" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "richebourg", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "Richebourg" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Vosne-Romanée grand cru north of Romanée-Conti, on deeper soil, giving the broadest wine of that group of neighbours." }, "kin": [ { "to": "romanee-conti", "as": "Its neighbour up the slope.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "domaine-leroy", "as": "One of the holders whose name sells the parcel.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "henri-jayer", "as": "Who farmed here and taught half the Côte how he did it.", "rel": "person" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.165, "lon": 4.957, "precision": "street" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-richebourg", "s:meadows-pearl" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Vosne-Romanée grand cru north of Romanée-Conti, on deeper soil, giving the broadest wine of that group of neighbours.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "Its neighbour up the slope.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "domaine-leroy", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Leroy", "as": "One of the holders whose name sells the parcel.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "henri-jayer", "type": "person", "name": "Henri Jayer", "as": "Who farmed here and taught half the Côte how he did it.", "rel": "person" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-richebourg", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Richebourg", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=12608821", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1061184993", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:meadows-pearl", "kind": "book", "title": "The Pearl of the Côte: The Great Wines of Vosne-Romanée", "author": "Allen Meadows", "publisher": "Burghound Books", "year": 2010 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "domaine-leroy", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Leroy", "as": "One of the grand cru parcels it holds.", "rel": "owns" }, { "from": "henri-jayer", "type": "person", "name": "Henri Jayer", "as": "One of the parcels his name is attached to.", "rel": "vineyard" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "Romanée-Conti" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "established": 1936, "soil": "limestone, marl", "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "Under two hectares of Vosne-Romanée hillside, held by one owner, producing about 3,500 bottles a year. No other patch of ground in wine carries this much argument per square metre.", "story": "Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, bought it in 1760 through an agent and kept the wine for himself; the name stuck. It survived phylloxera on ungrafted vines until 1945, when the harvest fell to about 2.5 hl/ha and 600 bottles, and the vineyard was pulled and replanted." }, "kin": [ { "to": "drc", "as": "Its sole owner, and the domaine named after it.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "la-tache", "as": "The other monopole down the same slope.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "monopole", "as": "One owner, one vineyard — the word for this arrangement.", "rel": "term" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.163, "lon": 4.955, "precision": "street" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-roman-e-conti", "s:meadows-pearl" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "In production", "value": 1.88, "unit": "ha", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-roman-e-conti", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "bottles", "label": "Bottles produced", "value": 3500, "unit": "bottles", "year": 2008, "source": "s:wp-roman-e-conti", "tier": "cited", "note": "from 26 hl" } ], "tags": [ { "tag": "monopole", "source": "s:wp-roman-e-conti", "tier": "cited", "note": "held whole by the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "romanee-conti/romanee-conti-roman-e-conti-vineyard.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Romanée-Conti vineyard.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Roman%C3%A9e-Conti_vineyard.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARoman%C3%A9e-Conti_vineyard.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Andrea Schaffer", "credit": "Flickr: Romanée-Conti vineyard", "alt": "Exterior wall to the Grand Cru Burgundy vineyard in the cote de nuit wine region of France", "date": "Taken on 20 July 2010, 10:31:38", "primary": true, "sha256": "875c962a48711f2ff2d3376015c10ec7142919a8eea3a330fef3f12397316ec0" } ], "blurb": "Under two hectares of Vosne-Romanée hillside, held by one owner, producing about 3,500 bottles a year. No other patch of ground in wine carries this much argument per square metre.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "drc", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "as": "Its sole owner, and the domaine named after it.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "la-tache", "type": "vineyard", "name": "La Tâche", "as": "The other monopole down the same slope.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "The district it sits in.", "rel": "whole" }, { "to": "monopole", "type": "term", "name": "Monopole", "as": "One owner, one vineyard — the word for this arrangement.", "rel": "term" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-roman-e-conti", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Romanée-Conti", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=10181194", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372749840", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:meadows-pearl", "kind": "book", "title": "The Pearl of the Côte: The Great Wines of Vosne-Romanée", "author": "Allen Meadows", "publisher": "Burghound Books", "year": 2010 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "romanee-conti/romanee-conti-roman-e-conti-vineyard.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Romanée-Conti vineyard.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Roman%C3%A9e-Conti_vineyard.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ARoman%C3%A9e-Conti_vineyard.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Andrea Schaffer", "credit": "Flickr: Romanée-Conti vineyard", "alt": "Exterior wall to the Grand Cru Burgundy vineyard in the cote de nuit wine region of France", "date": "Taken on 20 July 2010, 10:31:38", "primary": true, "sha256": "875c962a48711f2ff2d3376015c10ec7142919a8eea3a330fef3f12397316ec0" }, "tag_facts": [ { "key": "monopole", "label": "Monopole", "icon": "🔑", "group": "holding", "evidence": "one owner holds the whole named site; the appellation body or the owner says so", "resources": [ "r:inao" ], "source": "s:wp-roman-e-conti", "note": "held whole by the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "tier": "cited", "url": "" } ], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "The 1.8-hectare monopole at the centre of the argument.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "from": "la-tache", "type": "vineyard", "name": "La Tâche", "as": "Its neighbour, and the more famous half of the same domaine.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "richebourg", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Richebourg", "as": "Its neighbour up the slope.", "rel": "neighbour" }, { "from": "drc", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "as": "Its monopole, and its name.", "rel": "owns" }, { "from": "monopole", "type": "term", "name": "Monopole", "as": "1.8 hectares, one owner.", "rel": "vineyard" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "sanford-and-benedict", "type": "vineyard", "names": { "name": "Sanford & Benedict" }, "region": [ "sta-rita-hills", "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1971 }, "text": { "what": "The planting that proved the Santa Ynez river gap: put in during 1971 by Richard Sanford and Michael Benedict on a north-facing slope nobody else wanted, and now inside the Sta. Rita Hills AVA.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* Sanford went looking with weather records rather than with a realtor, hunting a valley that ran east-west so the ocean air could reach the vines. The old block still gets picked separately and named on labels made by people who never owned it." }, "kin": [ { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "as": "The AVA drawn around this ground thirty years later.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "richard-sanford", "as": "Who chose the site.", "rel": "person" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.62, "lon": -120.3, "precision": "street" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava", "s:haeger-north-american" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The planting that proved the Santa Ynez river gap: put in during 1971 by Richard Sanford and Michael Benedict on a north-facing slope nobody else wanted, and now inside the Sta. Rita Hills AVA.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "sta-rita-hills", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "country": "United States", "note": "a wind tunnel between Buellton and Lompoc" }, { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "The AVA drawn around this ground thirty years later.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "richard-sanford", "type": "person", "name": "Richard Sanford", "as": "Who chose the site.", "rel": "person" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Sta. Rita Hills AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=15415082", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370033962", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "The 1971 planting that proved the ground.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "from": "richard-sanford", "type": "person", "name": "Richard Sanford", "as": "The vineyard he planted with Michael Benedict.", "rel": "made-by" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "adelsheim", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Adelsheim Vineyard" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1971 }, "text": { "what": "David and Ginny Adelsheim bought 19 acres outside Newberg in 1971. He then spent decades on the committee work — the AVA petitions, the clone imports, the arguments about what Oregon should be allowed to call itself." }, "kin": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "Whose 1983 AVA petition he chaired.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "dijon-115", "as": "One of the Dijon selections Oregon imported through that work.", "rel": "clone" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.32, "lon": -122.99, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Newberg", "state": "OR", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-adelsheim-vineyard", "s:wp-willamette-valley-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres", "label": "Estate vineyards", "value": 200, "unit": "acres", "year": 2013, "source": "s:wp-adelsheim-vineyard", "tier": "cited", "note": "across 11 vineyards, mostly in the Chehalem Mountains AVA" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "David and Ginny Adelsheim bought 19 acres outside Newberg in 1971. He then spent decades on the committee work — the AVA petitions, the clone imports, the arguments about what Oregon should be allowed to call itself.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "Whose 1983 AVA petition he chaired.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "One of the Dijon selections Oregon imported through that work.", "rel": "clone" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-adelsheim-vineyard", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Adelsheim Vineyard", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=81057897", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336662478", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-willamette-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Willamette Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6470250", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361730329", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "raymond-bernard", "type": "person", "name": "Raymond Bernard", "as": "Who worked the Oregon end of the import.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "au-bon-climat", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Au Bon Climat" }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1982 }, "text": { "what": "Founded in 1982 by Jim Clendenen and Adam Tolmach, and housed inside Bien Nacido since. Clendenen ran it alone from 1990 and made Santa Barbara pinot noir something people ordered by name." }, "kin": [ { "to": "jim-clendenen", "as": "Who ran it for four decades.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "bien-nacido", "as": "The vineyard it lives inside and buys from.", "rel": "grown-at" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The valley it argued for.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "Beef and pinot out of one valley — the long version.", "rel": "story" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.92, "lon": -120.26, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Santa Maria", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-au-bon-climat", "s:wp-jim-clendenen" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Founded in 1982 by Jim Clendenen and Adam Tolmach, and housed inside Bien Nacido since. Clendenen ran it alone from 1990 and made Santa Barbara pinot noir something people ordered by name.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "jim-clendenen", "type": "person", "name": "Jim Clendenen", "as": "Who ran it for four decades.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "The vineyard it lives inside and buys from.", "rel": "grown-at" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The valley it argued for.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "Beef and pinot out of one valley — the long version.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-au-bon-climat", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Au Bon Climat", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=7416326", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333503261", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-jim-clendenen", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Jim Clendenen", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=7416474", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372278234", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "Jim Clendenen's winery, built inside Bien Nacido.", "rel": "producer" }, { "from": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "Jim Clendenen's winery, on the property.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "from": "jim-clendenen", "type": "person", "name": "Jim Clendenen", "as": "The winery he built and ran.", "rel": "made-by" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "bass-phillip", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Bass Phillip" }, "region": [ "australia" ], "facets": { "country": "Australia", "established": 1979 }, "text": { "what": "Phillip Jones planted at Leongatha in South Gippsland in 1979 and did not sell a bottle for twelve years. He planted at Burgundian density in a corner of Victoria nobody rated, and the wines became Australia's pinot benchmark." }, "kin": [ { "to": "high-density-planting", "as": "The decision the vineyard is built on.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "What the cabernet was replaced with.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": -38.48, "lon": 145.95, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Leongatha", "state": "Victoria", "country": "AU" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-bass-phillip" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Phillip Jones planted at Leongatha in South Gippsland in 1979 and did not sell a bottle for twelve years.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "australia", "name": "Australia", "country": "Australia", "note": "cool corners of a warm continent" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "high-density-planting", "type": "practice", "name": "High-density planting", "as": "The decision the vineyard is built on.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "What the cabernet was replaced with.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-bass-phillip", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Bass Phillip", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=32894188", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306331974", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "high-density-planting", "type": "practice", "name": "High-density planting", "as": "Which planted at Burgundian density in Gippsland and waited twelve years to sell a bottle.", "rel": "producer" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "calera", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Calera" }, "region": [ "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1975 }, "text": { "what": "Josh Jensen went looking for limestone in California because Burgundy grows on it, found a lime kiln site high on Mount Harlan in San Benito County, and planted pinot noir at 2,200 feet in 1975.", "story": "Jensen worked harvests at the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti and at Dujac, came home with an idea about soil, and spent a year with geological survey maps before buying. Marq de Villiers wrote a book about the place in 1993." }, "kin": [ { "to": "josh-jensen", "as": "Who chose the limestone and planted it.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "calera-selection", "as": "The cuttings that came home with him, and what growers now call them.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The comparison he was explicitly chasing.", "rel": "origin" } ], "geo": { "lat": 36.66, "lon": -121.13, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Hollister", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:devilliers-heartbreak", "s:haeger-north-american" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Josh Jensen went looking for limestone in California because Burgundy grows on it, found a lime kiln site high on Mount Harlan in San Benito County, and planted pinot noir at 2,200 feet in 1975.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United 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"dundee-hills", "as": "The hill it sits high on.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "eyrie-vineyards", "as": "Whose 1975 pulled the family across the Atlantic.", "rel": "origin" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.28, "lon": -123.09, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Dayton", "state": "OR", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-oregon-wine", "s:wp-joseph-drouhin" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Burgundy's answer to the 1979 tasting: the Drouhin family bought land in the Dundee Hills in 1987 and built a gravity-flow winery into the slope, with Véronique Drouhin making the wine.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "joseph-drouhin", "type": "producer", "name": "Maison Joseph Drouhin", "as": "The Beaune house behind it.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Dundee Hills", "as": "The hill it sits high on.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "as": "Whose 1975 pulled the family across the Atlantic.", "rel": "origin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-oregon-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Oregon wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6426696", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373054628", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-joseph-drouhin", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Maison Joseph Drouhin", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6528081", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312893554", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" }, "address": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Dundee Hills", "as": "Built high on the same hill in 1987.", "rel": "producer" }, { "from": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "Burgundy buying in, four years after the tasting.", "rel": "producer" }, { "from": "joseph-drouhin", "type": "producer", "name": "Maison Joseph Drouhin", "as": "The Dundee Hills estate this family built.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "domaine-leroy", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Domaine Leroy" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Twenty-three hectares of mostly premier and grand cru Burgundy, farmed biodynamically since Lalou Bize-Leroy assembled the domaine in 1988 out of Charles Noëllat's holdings. 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Sold in mixed cases, allocated by relationship, and resold at multiples nobody at the domaine sets.", "story": "The Abbey of Saint-Vivant in Vosne held 1.8 hectares here from 1232. The prince de Conti bought the parcel in 1760; the Revolution sold it on; the Villaine and Leroy families have run the domaine through the twentieth century. Five hectares in La Tâche and Grands Échezeaux went biodynamic first, and the practice spread from there." }, "kin": [ { "to": "romanee-conti", "as": "Its monopole, and its name.", "rel": "owns" }, { "to": "la-tache", "as": "Its other monopole.", "rel": "owns" }, { "to": "aubert-de-villaine", "as": "Co-director, and the man who carried the Climats to UNESCO.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The region whose reputation this address both makes and distorts.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.162, "lon": 4.951, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Vosne-Romanée", "state": "Côte-d'Or", "country": "FR" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-domaine-de-la-roman-e-conti", "s:meadows-pearl" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "tags": [ { "tag": "no-visits", "source": "s:wp-domaine-de-la-roman-e-conti", "tier": "cited", "note": "no tasting room; the domaine does not receive the public" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "drc/drc-domaine-de-la-roman-e-conti-7309836076.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Domaine de la Romanée-Conti (7309836076).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Domaine_de_la_Roman%C3%A9e-Conti_%287309836076%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADomaine_de_la_Roman%C3%A9e-Conti_%287309836076%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Michal Osmenda from Brussels, Belgium", "credit": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "alt": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "date": "2012-05-26 11:55", "primary": true, "sha256": "ee68c183f468d31c9e6258edfbdc6d8476316d002d2c3e21262bcae29bc77b1c" } ], "blurb": "The Vosne-Romanée domaine that owns Romanée-Conti and La Tâche outright and holds pieces of Richebourg, Échezeaux, Grands Échezeaux, Romanée-Saint-Vivant and Montrachet.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "Its monopole, and its name.", "rel": "owns" }, { "to": "la-tache", "type": "vineyard", "name": "La Tâche", "as": "Its other monopole.", "rel": "owns" }, { "to": "aubert-de-villaine", "type": "person", "name": "Aubert de Villaine", "as": "Co-director, and the man who carried the Climats to UNESCO.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The region whose reputation this address both makes and distorts.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-domaine-de-la-roman-e-conti", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=30873274", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347537183", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:meadows-pearl", "kind": "book", "title": "The Pearl of the Côte: The Great Wines of Vosne-Romanée", "author": "Allen Meadows", "publisher": "Burghound Books", "year": 2010 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "drc/drc-domaine-de-la-roman-e-conti-7309836076.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Domaine de la Romanée-Conti (7309836076).jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Domaine_de_la_Roman%C3%A9e-Conti_%287309836076%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADomaine_de_la_Roman%C3%A9e-Conti_%287309836076%29.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Michal Osmenda from Brussels, Belgium", "credit": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "alt": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "date": "2012-05-26 11:55", "primary": true, "sha256": "ee68c183f468d31c9e6258edfbdc6d8476316d002d2c3e21262bcae29bc77b1c" }, "tag_facts": [ { "key": "no-visits", "label": "No visitors", "icon": "🚪", "group": "visit", "evidence": "the cellar says so, or a published list records it as closed to the public", "resources": [], "source": "s:wp-domaine-de-la-roman-e-conti", "note": "no tasting room; the domaine does not receive the public", "tier": "cited", "url": "" } ], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "la-tache", "type": "vineyard", "name": "La Tâche", "as": "Its sole owner.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "from": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "Its sole owner, and the domaine named after it.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "from": "aubert-de-villaine", "type": "person", "name": "Aubert de Villaine", "as": "The domaine he ran for nearly fifty years.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "from": "lalou-bize-leroy", "type": "person", "name": "Lalou Bize-Leroy", "as": "Which she co-directed until 1991.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1965 }, "text": { "what": "David and Diana Lett planted the Willamette Valley's first pinot noir in 1965 and made their first vintage in 1970. They also made the first American pinot gris.", "story": "Lett went to Oregon against the advice of his professors at Davis, who held that the state was too cold and too wet for vinifera. 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They also made the first American pinot gris.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "david-lett", "type": "person", "name": "David Lett", "as": "Who planted it.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Dundee Hills", "as": "The hill his first block sits on.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The valley he argued into existence as a wine region.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "how-pinot-travelled", "type": "story", "name": "How pinot left the hill", "as": "One leg of the journey, told at length.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-the-eyrie-vineyards", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3800003", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340357536", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-david-lett", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "David Lett", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=5890815", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356053194", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-oregon-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Oregon wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6426696", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373054628", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Dundee Hills", "as": "Whose South Block vines are the oldest pinot here.", "rel": "producer" }, { "from": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The winery that made the 1975 that changed the argument.", "rel": "producer" }, { "from": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Drouhin Oregon", "as": "Whose 1975 pulled the family across the Atlantic.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "david-lett", "type": "person", "name": "David Lett", "as": "The winery he founded.", "rel": "made-by" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "felton-road", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Felton Road" }, "region": [ "central-otago", "new-zealand" ], "facets": { "country": "New Zealand", "established": 1991 }, "text": { "what": "Bannockburn, Central Otago — schist, old gold workings, and a cellar that farms organically and biodynamically and bottles its blocks separately." }, "kin": [ { "to": "central-otago", "as": "The region it sits in and helped explain abroad.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Nearly everything in the cellar.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": -45.05, "lon": 169.18, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Bannockburn", "state": "Otago", "country": "NZ" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-felton-road", "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Bannockburn, Central Otago — schist, old gold workings, and a cellar that farms organically and biodynamically and bottles its blocks separately.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "central-otago", "name": "Central Otago", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the southernmost wine region on earth, and continental with it" }, { "key": "new-zealand", "name": "New Zealand", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the country pinot noir made its second home" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "The region it sits in and helped explain abroad.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Nearly everything in the cellar.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-felton-road", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Bannockburn, New Zealand", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=28532222", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374981804", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Central Otago wine region", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1468699", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363939055", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" }, "address": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "Bannockburn, and the cellar that made the region legible abroad.", "rel": "producer" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "hanzell", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Hanzell Vineyards" }, "region": [ "sonoma", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1953 }, "text": { "what": "James Zellerbach planted two acres of pinot noir and four of chardonnay above Sonoma in 1953, then built a cellar copying Burgundy's methods — French oak, temperature control, inert gas. California winemaking followed him." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Among the earliest serious American plantings after Prohibition.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "neutral-oak", "as": "The barrel question he answered by importing the barrels.", "rel": "practice" } ], "geo": { "lat": 38.32, "lon": -122.44, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Sonoma", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-hanzell-vineyards" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres_pinot", "label": "Pinot noir first planted", "value": 2, "unit": "acres", "year": 1953, "source": "s:wp-hanzell-vineyards", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "James Zellerbach planted two acres of pinot noir and four of chardonnay above Sonoma in 1953, then built a cellar copying Burgundy's methods — French oak, temperature control, inert gas.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "sonoma", "name": "Sonoma County", "country": "United States", "note": "Russian River, the true coast, Carneros' western half" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Among the earliest serious American plantings after Prohibition.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "neutral-oak", "type": "practice", "name": "Neutral oak", "as": "The barrel question he answered by importing the barrels.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-hanzell-vineyards", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Hanzell Vineyards", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=31227179", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1148167066", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "neutral-oak", "type": "practice", "name": "Neutral oak", "as": "Which imported French barrels to California and started the argument there.", "rel": "producer" }, { "from": "andre-tchelistcheff", "type": "person", "name": "André Tchelistcheff", "as": "A contemporary experiment in importing Burgundian cellar practice.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "joseph-drouhin", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Maison Joseph Drouhin" }, "region": [ "cote-de-beaune", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "established": 1880 }, "text": { "what": "Beaune house founded in 1880, certified organic across its own vineyards from the 2009 vintage, and the family that took Burgundy's argument to Oregon in 1987." }, "kin": [ { "to": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "as": "The Dundee Hills estate this family built.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "Where Robert Drouhin re-ran the 1979 tasting and then bought land.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.023, "lon": 4.836, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Beaune", "state": "Côte-d'Or", "country": "FR" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-joseph-drouhin" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "tags": [ { "tag": "organic-certified", "source": "s:wp-joseph-drouhin", "tier": "cited", "note": "all estate grapes from the 2009 vintage" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Beaune house founded in 1880, certified organic across its own vineyards from the 2009 vintage, and the family that took Burgundy's argument to Oregon in 1987.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-beaune", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "country": "France", "note": "Corton south to Santenay; reds and the great whites share the hill" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Drouhin Oregon", "as": "The Dundee Hills estate this family built.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "Where Robert Drouhin re-ran the 1979 tasting and then bought land.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-joseph-drouhin", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Maison Joseph Drouhin", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6528081", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1312893554", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [ { "key": "organic-certified", "label": "Certified organic", "icon": "🍃", "group": "certification", "evidence": "a named certifier and, where published, a certificate number: CCOF, Oregon Tilth, USDA Organic, Ecocert, Agriculture Biologique, BioGro", "resources": [ "r:ccof", "r:usda-organic" ], "source": "s:wp-joseph-drouhin", "note": "all estate grapes from the 2009 vintage", "tier": "cited", "url": "" } ], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "domaine-drouhin-oregon", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Drouhin Oregon", "as": "The Beaune house behind it.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "negociant", "type": "term", "name": "Négociant", "as": "And another.", "rel": "producer" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "louis-jadot", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Maison Louis Jadot" }, "region": [ "cote-de-beaune", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "established": 1859 }, "text": { "what": "A Beaune négociant founded in 1859, farming and buying across 270 hectares of Burgundy including Beaujolais crus, and bottling nothing that is not an appellation wine." }, "kin": [ { "to": "negociant", "as": "What this house does, and the word for it.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "as": "Where it sits and where most of its vines are.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.026, "lon": 4.84, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Beaune", "state": "Côte-d'Or", "country": "FR" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-maison-louis-jadot" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "hectares", "label": "Vineyards controlled", "value": 270, "unit": "ha", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-maison-louis-jadot", "tier": "cited" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A Beaune négociant founded in 1859, farming and buying across 270 hectares of Burgundy including Beaujolais crus, and bottling nothing that is not an appellation wine.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-beaune", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "country": "France", "note": "Corton south to Santenay; reds and the great whites share the hill" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "negociant", "type": "term", "name": "Négociant", "as": "What this house does, and the word for it.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "Where it sits and where most of its vines are.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-maison-louis-jadot", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Maison Louis Jadot", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=7897895", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327642944", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "negociant", "type": "term", "name": "Négociant", "as": "A house that grew into a large grower as well.", "rel": "producer" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "rippon", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Rippon" }, "region": [ "central-otago", "new-zealand" ], "facets": { "country": "New Zealand" }, "text": { "what": "Vines on a lake terrace at Wanaka, biodynamic, with the Southern Alps behind them — the photograph that sells Central Otago, and a family that has farmed the slope since the nineteenth century." }, "kin": [ { "to": "central-otago", "as": "Its region, at the cooler northern end.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": -44.71, "lon": 169.12, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Wanaka", "state": "Otago", "country": "NZ" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-rippon", "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Vines on a lake terrace at Wanaka, biodynamic, with the Southern Alps behind them — the photograph that sells Central Otago, and a family that has farmed the slope since the nineteenth century.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "central-otago", "name": "Central Otago", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the southernmost wine region on earth, and continental with it" }, { "key": "new-zealand", "name": "New Zealand", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the country pinot noir made its second home" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "Its region, at the cooler northern end.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-rippon", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Rippon", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=15971242", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1015530625", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Central Otago wine region", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1468699", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363939055", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" }, "address": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "Lake Wanaka, and one of the most photographed vineyards anywhere.", "rel": "producer" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "sokol-blosser", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Sokol Blosser" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1971 }, "text": { "what": "Bill Blosser and Susan Sokol Blosser planted five acres of pinot noir into a former prune orchard in 1971 and made their first vintage in 1977. The estate has been certified organic since 2005." }, "kin": [ { "to": "dundee-hills", "as": "The AVA its blocks sit in.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "One of the valley's founding estates.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.27, "lon": -123.07, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Dayton", "state": "OR", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-sokol-blosser" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "acres", "label": "Estate vineyard", "value": 89, "unit": "acres", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-sokol-blosser", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "solar_kw", "label": "Photovoltaic array", "value": 24, "unit": "kW", "year": 2006, "source": "s:wp-sokol-blosser", "tier": "cited", "note": "about a quarter of the winery's electricity" } ], "tags": [ { "tag": "organic-certified", "source": "s:wp-sokol-blosser", "tier": "cited", "note": "certified by the Oregon Department of Agriculture since 2005; estate blocks USDA certified organic" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Bill Blosser and Susan Sokol Blosser planted five acres of pinot noir into a former prune orchard in 1971 and made their first vintage in 1977. The estate has been certified organic since 2005.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Dundee Hills", "as": "The AVA its blocks sit in.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "One of the valley's founding estates.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-sokol-blosser", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Sokol Blosser Winery", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=35905595", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323759762", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [ { "key": "organic-certified", "label": "Certified organic", "icon": "🍃", "group": "certification", "evidence": "a named certifier and, where published, a certificate number: CCOF, Oregon Tilth, USDA Organic, Ecocert, Agriculture Biologique, BioGro", "resources": [ "r:ccof", "r:usda-organic" ], "source": "s:wp-sokol-blosser", "note": "certified by the Oregon Department of Agriculture since 2005; estate blocks USDA certified organic", "tier": "cited", "url": "" } ], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "dundee-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Dundee Hills", "as": "Planting since 1971, two ridges over.", "rel": "producer" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "williams-selyem", "type": "producer", "names": { "name": "Williams Selyem" }, "region": [ "russian-river", "sonoma", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "established": 1981 }, "text": { "what": "Burt Williams and Ed Selyem started in a Forestville garage in the early 1980s, bought fruit from Russian River growers and put the vineyard's name on the label. The mailing list became the model half of California copied." }, "kin": [ { "to": "russian-river-valley", "as": "The AVA whose reputation it built.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "burt-williams", "as": "Who made the wine, then went north and planted his own.", "rel": "made-by" } ], "geo": { "lat": 38.48, "lon": -122.9, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Healdsburg", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:haeger-north-american", "s:wp-russian-river-valley-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Burt Williams and Ed Selyem started in a Forestville garage in the early 1980s, bought fruit from Russian River growers and put the vineyard's name on the label.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "russian-river", "name": "Russian River Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "fog up the river valley, and the AVA that taught California what pinot could do" }, { "key": "sonoma", "name": "Sonoma County", "country": "United States", "note": "Russian River, the true coast, Carneros' western half" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "The AVA whose reputation it built.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "burt-williams", "type": "person", "name": "Burt Williams", "as": "Who made the wine, then went north and planted his own.", "rel": "made-by" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 }, { "id": "s:wp-russian-river-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Russian River Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13610140", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355926003", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" }, "address": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "The winery that made vineyard-designated Russian River pinot the thing to chase.", "rel": "producer" }, { "from": "burt-williams", "type": "person", "name": "Burt Williams", "as": "The winery he founded with Ed Selyem.", "rel": "made-by" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "abel-clone", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Abel clone", "aliases": [ "Ata Rangi clone", "gumboot clone" ] }, "region": [ "new-zealand", "martinborough", "central-otago" ], "facets": { "origin": "Burgundy field selection" }, "text": { "what": "New Zealand's most-told vine story: a cutting confiscated at Auckland airport in the 1970s, handed to a customs officer who happened to make wine, propagated, and now planted the length of the country.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* the cutting came from the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, in a traveller's boot, and Malcolm Abel took it home. The nickname 'gumboot' is the version of the story New Zealand prefers to tell. Its origin has never been documented publicly; its behaviour in the vineyard has." }, "kin": [ { "to": "martinborough", "as": "Where it was first propagated in quantity.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "central-otago", "as": "And where it now grows, 900 km further south.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "as": "The practice this story sits at the edge of.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-new-zealand-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "New Zealand's most-told vine story: a cutting confiscated at Auckland airport in the 1970s, handed to a customs officer who happened to make wine, propagated, and now planted the length of the country.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "new-zealand", "name": "New Zealand", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the country pinot noir made its second home" }, { "key": "martinborough", "name": "Martinborough", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "Wairarapa gravels in the rain shadow of the Tararua Range" }, { "key": "central-otago", "name": "Central Otago", "country": "New Zealand", "note": "the southernmost wine region on earth, and continental with it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "martinborough", "type": "region", "name": "Martinborough", "as": "Where it was first propagated in quantity.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "And where it now grows, 900 km further south.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "The practice this story sits at the edge of.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-new-zealand-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "New Zealand wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3974835", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375093713", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "central-otago", "type": "region", "name": "Central Otago", "as": "The cutting that walked through customs and changed New Zealand pinot.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "martinborough", "type": "region", "name": "Martinborough", "as": "Propagated here first, and named for the customs officer.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "And one whose travel was less orthodox.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "how-pinot-travelled", "type": "story", "name": "How pinot left the hill", "as": "And the less official route.", "rel": "clone" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "calera-selection", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Calera selection", "aliases": [ "Jensen selection" ] }, "region": [ "california" ], "facets": { "origin": "California" }, "text": { "what": "Cuttings Josh Jensen is said to have brought back from Burgundy in the mid-1970s, planted on Mount Harlan and passed around California since. Growers who plant it say so on the label.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* the cuttings came from the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti. That story is told widely, including by people who bought the plant material; documentation for the specific source is another matter." }, "kin": [ { "to": "calera", "as": "The vineyard it is named for.", "rel": "grown-at" }, { "to": "josh-jensen", "as": "Who carried it, by the usual account.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "as": "The practice, and its grey areas.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:devilliers-heartbreak", "s:haeger-north-american" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Cuttings Josh Jensen is said to have brought back from Burgundy in the mid-1970s, planted on Mount Harlan and passed around California since. Growers who plant it say so on the label.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "calera", "type": "producer", "name": "Calera", "as": "The vineyard it is named for.", "rel": "grown-at" }, { "to": "josh-jensen", "type": "person", "name": "Josh Jensen", "as": "Who carried it, by the usual account.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "The practice, and its grey areas.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:devilliers-heartbreak", "kind": "book", "title": "The Heartbreak Grape: A Journey in Search of the Perfect Pinot Noir", "author": "Marq de Villiers", "publisher": "HarperCollins", "year": 1993 }, { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "calera", "type": "producer", "name": "Calera", "as": "The cuttings that came home with him, and what growers now call them.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "josh-jensen", "type": "person", "name": "Josh Jensen", "as": "The cuttings that travelled with him.", "rel": "clone" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Dijon 115", "aliases": [ "115", "ENTAV-INRA 115" ] }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "origin": "Dijon" }, "text": { "what": "Small berries, small bunches, early ripening, aromatic. The most planted of the Dijon selections in the New World and the one growers reach for when a site needs perfume." }, "kin": [ { "to": "dijon-777", "as": "Its darker, denser stablemate.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "dijon-667", "as": "The third of the common trio.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "raymond-bernard", "as": "Who ran the selection programme the number comes from.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "as": "How Burgundy came to sell its vines by catalogue.", "rel": "story" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:fps-grapes" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Small berries, small bunches, early ripening, aromatic. The most planted of the Dijon selections in the New World and the one growers reach for when a site needs perfume.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "dijon-777", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 777", "as": "Its darker, denser stablemate.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "dijon-667", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 667", "as": "The third of the common trio.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "raymond-bernard", "type": "person", "name": "Raymond Bernard", "as": "Who ran the selection programme the number comes from.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "How Burgundy came to sell its vines by catalogue.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:fps-grapes", "kind": "dataset", "title": "National Grapevine Registry and the FPS public varieties list", "publisher": "Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis", "url": "https://fps.ucdavis.edu/", "note": "which clone selection carries which number in the United States" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "One of the numbered selections that let a grower buy this vine by catalogue.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "adelsheim", "type": "producer", "name": "Adelsheim Vineyard", "as": "One of the Dijon selections Oregon imported through that work.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "dijon-667", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 667", "as": "Planted with it, almost always.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "dijon-777", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 777", "as": "The aromatic one, usually planted alongside.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "pommard-ucd4", "type": "clone", "name": "Pommard, UCD 4", "as": "What arrived later and changed the arithmetic.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "from": "raymond-bernard", "type": "person", "name": "Raymond Bernard", "as": "The selection most planted from that programme.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "The number planted most.", "rel": "clone" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "dijon-667", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Dijon 667", "aliases": [ "667", "ENTAV-INRA 667" ] }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "origin": "Dijon" }, "text": { "what": "The third of the trio that travelled: mid-weight, spicy, and useful for filling the gap between 115's perfume and 777's colour." }, "kin": [ { "to": "dijon-115", "as": "Planted with it, almost always.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "dijon-777", "as": "And with this one.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:fps-grapes" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The third of the trio that travelled: mid-weight, spicy, and useful for filling the gap between 115's perfume and 777's colour.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "Planted with it, almost always.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "dijon-777", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 777", "as": "And with this one.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:fps-grapes", "kind": "dataset", "title": "National Grapevine Registry and the FPS public varieties list", "publisher": "Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis", "url": "https://fps.ucdavis.edu/", "note": "which clone selection carries which number in the United States" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "The third of the common trio.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "dijon-777", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Dijon 777", "aliases": [ "777", "ENTAV-INRA 777" ] }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "origin": "Dijon" }, "text": { "what": "Deeper colour, smaller crop, more tannin than 115. Planted where a grower wants weight without waiting for a warm year." }, "kin": [ { "to": "dijon-115", "as": "The aromatic one, usually planted alongside.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "as": "The programme behind the number.", "rel": "story" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:fps-grapes" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Deeper colour, smaller crop, more tannin than 115. Planted where a grower wants weight without waiting for a warm year.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "The aromatic one, usually planted alongside.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "The programme behind the number.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:fps-grapes", "kind": "dataset", "title": "National Grapevine Registry and the FPS public varieties list", "publisher": "Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis", "url": "https://fps.ucdavis.edu/", "note": "which clone selection carries which number in the United States" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "Its darker, denser stablemate.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "dijon-667", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 667", "as": "And with this one.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "mount-eden", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Mount Eden selection", "aliases": [ "Mt. Eden clone", "Martin Ray selection" ] }, "region": [ "santa-cruz-mountains", "california" ], "facets": { "origin": "California" }, "text": { "what": "A California field selection traced back to Martin Ray's plantings in the Santa Cruz Mountains, and through him, by the usual account, to Paul Masson's cuttings from Burgundy. Tiny clusters, tiny crop.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* Masson brought vines from Burgundy to the Santa Cruz Mountains in the 1890s and Ray carried the line forward. The chain is repeated in the trade far more often than it is documented." }, "kin": [ { "to": "martin-ray", "as": "Whose vineyard the cuttings came from.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "santa-cruz-mountains", "as": "The ridge it comes off.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "as": "How a selection like this moves: cuttings, not catalogues.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:haeger-north-american", "s:wp-paul-masson" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A California field selection traced back to Martin Ray's plantings in the Santa Cruz Mountains, and through him, by the usual account, to Paul Masson's cuttings from Burgundy. Tiny clusters, tiny crop.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-cruz-mountains", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "country": "United States", "note": "fault ridges either side of the range; Martin Ray's ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "martin-ray", "type": "person", "name": "Martin Ray", "as": "Whose vineyard the cuttings came from.", "rel": "origin" }, { "to": "santa-cruz-mountains", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "as": "The ridge it comes off.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "How a selection like this moves: cuttings, not catalogues.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 }, { "id": "s:wp-paul-masson", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Paul Masson", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1338911", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355864523", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-cruz-mountains", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "as": "The selection that came off his vineyard and travelled.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "A selection that travelled this way.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "martin-ray", "type": "person", "name": "Martin Ray", "as": "The selection that came off his vines.", "rel": "clone" }, { "from": "paul-masson-person", "type": "person", "name": "Paul Masson", "as": "The selection the trade traces back through him.", "rel": "clone" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pinot-droit", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Pinot Droit", "aliases": [ "Gamay Beaujolais (Californian misnomer)" ] }, "region": [ "california", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "origin": "Burgundy field selection" }, "text": { "what": "Upright-growing, high-cropping selections that suited a grower paid by weight. California sold a series of them under the misnomer 'Gamay Beaujolais', and Burgundy planted them in ground where nobody was looking.", "how": "Productive in warm flowering conditions and broad-shouldered in the glass. Growers who wanted a lighter, decumbent vine call those 'pinot fin' or 'pinot tordu' instead." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The same variety, selected for a different habit.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "as": "What replaced it, and why growers changed their minds.", "rel": "story" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Upright-growing, high-cropping selections that suited a grower paid by weight. California sold a series of them under the misnomer 'Gamay Beaujolais', and Burgundy planted them in ground where nobody was looking.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The same variety, selected for a different habit.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "What replaced it, and why growers changed their minds.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pommard-ucd4", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Pommard, UCD 4", "aliases": [ "UCD 4", "Pommard clone", "UCD4" ] }, "region": [ "oregon", "california" ], "facets": { "origin": "Burgundy field selection", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "The workhorse of American pinot noir before the Dijon numbers arrived, and still planted everywhere. Bigger berries, firmer structure, a darker wine than the Dijons give.", "how": "Held and distributed through UC Davis, which is where the number comes from. Oregon built its early reputation on this and on Wädenswil." }, "kin": [ { "to": "wadenswil-ucd2a", "as": "The other half of Oregon's old plantings.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "dijon-115", "as": "What arrived later and changed the arithmetic.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "as": "Why a vine has a catalogue number at all.", "rel": "story" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:fps-grapes" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The workhorse of American pinot noir before the Dijon numbers arrived, and still planted everywhere. Bigger berries, firmer structure, a darker wine than the Dijons give.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "wadenswil-ucd2a", "type": "clone", "name": "Wädenswil, UCD 2A", "as": "The other half of Oregon's old plantings.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "What arrived later and changed the arithmetic.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "Why a vine has a catalogue number at all.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:fps-grapes", "kind": "dataset", "title": "National Grapevine Registry and the FPS public varieties list", "publisher": "Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis", "url": "https://fps.ucdavis.edu/", "note": "which clone selection carries which number in the United States" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "wadenswil-ucd2a", "type": "clone", "name": "Wädenswil, UCD 2A", "as": "Its planting partner in old Oregon blocks.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "fps", "type": "org", "name": "Foundation Plant Services", "as": "Whose number is an FPS number.", "rel": "clone" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "swan-selection", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Swan selection", "aliases": [ "Joseph Swan selection" ] }, "region": [ "russian-river", "sonoma", "california" ], "facets": { "origin": "California" }, "text": { "what": "A Russian River field selection off Joseph Swan's vineyard, planted through Sonoma for its small berries and its dark, savoury wine." }, "kin": [ { "to": "russian-river-valley", "as": "Where it comes from and mostly stays.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "as": "How it spread.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:haeger-north-american" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A Russian River field selection off Joseph Swan's vineyard, planted through Sonoma for its small berries and its dark, savoury wine.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "russian-river", "name": "Russian River Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "fog up the river valley, and the AVA that taught California what pinot could do" }, { "key": "sonoma", "name": "Sonoma County", "country": "United States", "note": "Russian River, the true coast, Carneros' western half" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "Where it comes from and mostly stays.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "How it spread.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "wadenswil-ucd2a", "type": "clone", "names": { "name": "Wädenswil, UCD 2A", "aliases": [ "UCD 2A", "Wadensvil", "Wädenswil" ] }, "region": [ "oregon" ], "facets": { "origin": "Swiss" }, "text": { "what": "A Swiss research-station selection that reached Oregon early and stayed. Lighter in colour, higher in aromatics, and often blended against Pommard to fill the middle.", "how": "Named for the Swiss federal research station at Wädenswil on Lake Zurich, and distributed in America through UC Davis as UCD 1A and 2A." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pommard-ucd4", "as": "Its planting partner in old Oregon blocks.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "Where the pairing did the early work.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:fps-grapes" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A Swiss research-station selection that reached Oregon early and stayed. Lighter in colour, higher in aromatics, and often blended against Pommard to fill the middle.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pommard-ucd4", "type": "clone", "name": "Pommard, UCD 4", "as": "Its planting partner in old Oregon blocks.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "Where the pairing did the early work.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:fps-grapes", "kind": "dataset", "title": "National Grapevine Registry and the FPS public varieties list", "publisher": "Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis", "url": "https://fps.ucdavis.edu/", "note": "which clone selection carries which number in the United States" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pommard-ucd4", "type": "clone", "name": "Pommard, UCD 4", "as": "The other half of Oregon's old plantings.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "cold-soak", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Cold soak", "aliases": [ "Pre-fermentation maceration", "Macération à froid" ] }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "ferment" }, "text": { "what": "Chilling the crushed fruit and holding it below fermentation temperature for days before the yeast start. Water pulls colour and aroma out of the skins; alcohol has not arrived yet to pull tannin.", "how": "Three to six days near 10 °C, usually under dry ice or a blanket of CO₂ to keep spoilage organisms and oxygen out. Whether it does what its advocates claim is one of the livelier arguments in a pinot cellar." }, "kin": [ { "to": "whole-cluster", "as": "A decision taken at the same moment, on the same fruit.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "native-yeast", "as": "Cold soak lasts until something starts the ferment — which is where this comes in.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-maceration-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Chilling the crushed fruit and holding it below fermentation temperature for days before the yeast start. Water pulls colour and aroma out of the skins; alcohol has not arrived yet to pull tannin.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "name": "Whole cluster", "as": "A decision taken at the same moment, on the same fruit.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "native-yeast", "type": "practice", "name": "Native yeast", "as": "Cold soak lasts until something starts the ferment — which is where this comes in.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-maceration-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Maceration (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1455948", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302144966", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "native-yeast", "type": "practice", "name": "Native yeast", "as": "What ends a cold soak, if nobody intervenes.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "henri-jayer", "type": "person", "name": "Henri Jayer", "as": "A practice his cellar made standard on the Côte.", "rel": "practice" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "green-harvest", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Green harvest", "aliases": [ "Vendange verte", "Crop thinning" ] }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "Cutting unripe bunches onto the ground in summer so the vine ripens fewer. Yield control with secateurs, after the vine has already set more fruit than the grower wants.", "how": "Pinot crops generously if allowed to; appellation rules cap yield, and growers who want concentration cut below the cap. Done too late, the remaining berries just get bigger." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where the yield caps are written into the appellation.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "high-density-planting", "as": "The other way to make each vine carry less.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:oxford-companion-wine-4" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Cutting unripe bunches onto the ground in summer so the vine ripens fewer. Yield control with secateurs, after the vine has already set more fruit than the grower wants.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where the yield caps are written into the appellation.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "high-density-planting", "type": "practice", "name": "High-density planting", "as": "The other way to make each vine carry less.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:oxford-companion-wine-4", "kind": "book", "title": "The Oxford Companion to Wine", "author": "Jancis Robinson (ed.)", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "year": 2015, "note": "fourth edition" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "thin-skin", "type": "story", "name": "What thin skin costs", "as": "One answer, with secateurs.", "rel": "practice" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "hand-harvest", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Hand harvest" }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "Picking into small crates by hand, so the bunch arrives whole and the cellar decides what to do with it. A machine strips berries off the stem in the row, which settles the whole-cluster question before anyone gets a vote.", "how": "Whole-cluster work, sorting tables and cold soaks all assume intact fruit. Steep slopes settle it anyway: no machine drives the Côte d'Or's mid-slope." }, "kin": [ { "to": "whole-cluster", "as": "The decision hand-picking keeps open.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where the slope makes the choice for you.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:oxford-companion-wine-4" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "hand-harvest/hand-harvest-hand-harvesting-in-the-vaucluse.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hand harvesting in the Vaucluse.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Hand_harvesting_in_the_Vaucluse.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHand_harvesting_in_the_Vaucluse.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Steven Verbruggen", "credit": "Flickr: Real wine pickers", "alt": "Harvesting wine grapes in the French wine region of the Vaucluse", "date": "2008-09-08 14:25:34", "primary": true, "sha256": "660ad9c43cac3470d9f69ce26723369a218efa3257fe181f228126796b6e3d10" } ], "blurb": "Picking into small crates by hand, so the bunch arrives whole and the cellar decides what to do with it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "name": "Whole cluster", "as": "The decision hand-picking keeps open.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where the slope makes the choice for you.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:oxford-companion-wine-4", "kind": "book", "title": "The Oxford Companion to Wine", "author": "Jancis Robinson (ed.)", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "year": 2015, "note": "fourth edition" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "hand-harvest/hand-harvest-hand-harvesting-in-the-vaucluse.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Hand harvesting in the Vaucluse.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Hand_harvesting_in_the_Vaucluse.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHand_harvesting_in_the_Vaucluse.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Steven Verbruggen", "credit": "Flickr: Real wine pickers", "alt": "Harvesting wine grapes in the French wine region of the Vaucluse", "date": "2008-09-08 14:25:34", "primary": true, "sha256": "660ad9c43cac3470d9f69ce26723369a218efa3257fe181f228126796b6e3d10" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "brix", "type": "term", "name": "Brix", "as": "The decision the number feeds into.", "rel": "practice" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "high-density-planting", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "High-density planting" }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "planting" }, "text": { "what": "Nine to twelve thousand vines a hectare, rows a metre apart, each vine carrying a handful of bunches. Burgundy's grand cru rules set a floor of 9,000 vines per hectare and the New World mostly did not follow.", "how": "More vines, more competition, smaller root systems each, less fruit per plant at the same yield per hectare. It also means narrow tractors, more labour and more money in the ground before the first harvest." }, "kin": [ { "to": "la-tache", "as": "Where the 9,000-vine minimum is written into the appellation.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "bass-phillip", "as": "Which planted at Burgundian density in Gippsland and waited twelve years to sell a bottle.", "rel": "producer" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc", "s:wp-bass-phillip" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Nine to twelve thousand vines a hectare, rows a metre apart, each vine carrying a handful of bunches. Burgundy's grand cru rules set a floor of 9,000 vines per hectare and the New World mostly did not follow.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "la-tache", "type": "vineyard", "name": "La Tâche", "as": "Where the 9,000-vine minimum is written into the appellation.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "bass-phillip", "type": "producer", "name": "Bass Phillip", "as": "Which planted at Burgundian density in Gippsland and waited twelve years to sell a bottle.", "rel": "producer" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-la-t-che-aoc", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "La Tâche AOC", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=24833557", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287613431", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-bass-phillip", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Bass Phillip", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=32894188", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306331974", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "bass-phillip", "type": "producer", "name": "Bass Phillip", "as": "The decision the vineyard is built on.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "green-harvest", "type": "practice", "name": "Green harvest", "as": "The other way to make each vine carry less.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "malolactic", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Malolactic fermentation", "aliases": [ "Malo", "MLF", "Secondary fermentation" ] }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "ferment" }, "text": { "what": "A bacterial conversion, not a yeast one: lactic acid bacteria turn sharp malic acid into softer lactic acid and let off CO₂. Nearly every red pinot noir goes through it.", "how": "Usually after the alcoholic ferment, often in barrel over the winter, and in cold cellars it can wait until spring warms the room. It lowers total acidity, raises pH and can leave a buttery note from diacetyl." }, "kin": [ { "to": "neutral-oak", "as": "Where it usually happens: in barrel, over a cold winter.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "A high-acid grape, which is why the softening matters here.", "rel": "variety" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-malolactic-fermentation" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "malolactic/malolactic-cave-de-bourgogne.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Cave de Bourgogne.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Cave_de_Bourgogne.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACave_de_Bourgogne.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Arnaud 25", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Wine cellar in Burgundy", "date": "", "primary": true, "sha256": "deae580843d82bce5113f833103da1bb6ef792bcaba02bd136db74ff9f3c5ebf" } ], "blurb": "A bacterial conversion, not a yeast one: lactic acid bacteria turn sharp malic acid into softer lactic acid and let off CO₂. Nearly every red pinot noir goes through it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "neutral-oak", "type": "practice", "name": "Neutral oak", "as": "Where it usually happens: in barrel, over a cold winter.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "A high-acid grape, which is why the softening matters here.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-malolactic-fermentation", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Malolactic fermentation", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1045027", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262301785", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "malolactic/malolactic-cave-de-bourgogne.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Cave de Bourgogne.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Cave_de_Bourgogne.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACave_de_Bourgogne.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Arnaud 25", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Wine cellar in Burgundy", "date": "", "primary": true, "sha256": "deae580843d82bce5113f833103da1bb6ef792bcaba02bd136db74ff9f3c5ebf" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "neutral-oak", "type": "practice", "name": "Neutral oak", "as": "What happens inside these barrels, over winter.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Massal selection", "aliases": [ "Sélection massale", "Massale" ] }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "planting" }, "text": { "what": "Taking cuttings from many vines in a block you already trust, instead of ordering one numbered clone from a nursery. You keep the block's variation, and whatever virus it carries.", "how": "A grower walks the old block at harvest, marks the vines that ripen well and crop lightly, and grafts from them. The pay-off is diversity inside one vineyard; the risk is leafroll and fanleaf, which is precisely what clonal certification was invented to stop." }, "kin": [ { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "as": "The alternative, and how it won the nursery trade.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "mount-eden", "as": "A selection that travelled this way.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "abel-clone", "as": "And one whose travel was less orthodox.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "bien-nacido", "as": "Where certified budwood gets grown at scale instead.", "rel": "vineyard" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:wp-ampelography" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Taking cuttings from many vines in a block you already trust, instead of ordering one numbered clone from a nursery. You keep the block's variation, and whatever virus it carries.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "The alternative, and how it won the nursery trade.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "mount-eden", "type": "clone", "name": "Mount Eden selection", "as": "A selection that travelled this way.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "abel-clone", "type": "clone", "name": "Abel clone", "as": "And one whose travel was less orthodox.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "Where certified budwood gets grown at scale instead.", "rel": "vineyard" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-ampelography", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Ampelography", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1106293", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371070907", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "What a budwood block is for.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "abel-clone", "type": "clone", "name": "Abel clone", "as": "The practice this story sits at the edge of.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "calera-selection", "type": "clone", "name": "Calera selection", "as": "The practice, and its grey areas.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "mount-eden", "type": "clone", "name": "Mount Eden selection", "as": "How a selection like this moves: cuttings, not catalogues.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "swan-selection", "type": "clone", "name": "Swan selection", "as": "How it spread.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "merry-edwards", "type": "person", "name": "Merry Edwards", "as": "How the selection bearing her name moves.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "fps", "type": "org", "name": "Foundation Plant Services", "as": "The alternative, and its risks.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "The older way, still practised.", "rel": "practice" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "native-yeast", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Native yeast", "aliases": [ "Wild ferment", "Spontaneous fermentation", "Indigenous yeast" ] }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "ferment" }, "text": { "what": "Letting whatever came in on the fruit and lives in the cellar start the ferment, instead of pitching a selected strain from a packet.", "how": "The early work is done by non-Saccharomyces species that die off as alcohol rises; Saccharomyces cerevisiae finishes. The risk is a stuck ferment or a population you did not want; the argument for it is the character those first days leave behind." }, "kin": [ { "to": "cold-soak", "as": "What ends a cold soak, if nobody intervenes.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "wine-fault-brett", "as": "The organism that gets blamed when this goes wrong.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-yeast-in-winemaking" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Letting whatever came in on the fruit and lives in the cellar start the ferment, instead of pitching a selected strain from a packet.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "cold-soak", "type": "practice", "name": "Cold soak", "as": "What ends a cold soak, if nobody intervenes.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "wine-fault-brett", "type": "term", "name": "Brett", "as": "The organism that gets blamed when this goes wrong.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-yeast-in-winemaking", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Yeast in winemaking", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=36029170", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352990811", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "domaine-leroy", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Leroy", "as": "Part of the cellar method that follows from farming this way.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "cold-soak", "type": "practice", "name": "Cold soak", "as": "Cold soak lasts until something starts the ferment — which is where this comes in.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "wine-fault-brett", "type": "term", "name": "Brett", "as": "Whose risk this is.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "neutral-oak", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Neutral oak", "aliases": [ "Old barrels", "Used barriques" ] }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "ageing" }, "text": { "what": "A barrel that has already given up its flavour — third use, fourth, older. It still lets oxygen through the staves and still shapes texture; it just stops tasting of the forest.", "how": "New oak gives vanillin, toast and tannin, and pinot noir has little weight to hide any of it. Cellars set a percentage of new wood per wine and often drop it for the lighter vineyards." }, "kin": [ { "to": "malolactic", "as": "What happens inside these barrels, over winter.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "hanzell", "as": "Which imported French barrels to California and started the argument there.", "rel": "producer" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-oak-wine", "s:wp-barrel" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "neutral-oak/neutral-oak-wine-cave-in-burgundy.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wine cave in Burgundy.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Wine_cave_in_Burgundy.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWine_cave_in_Burgundy.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "Philip Larson", "credit": "originally posted to Flickr as DSC02022", "alt": "Wine cave containing aging oak barrels of wine in the French region of Burgundy", "date": "2008-08-11 09:12:52", "primary": true, "sha256": "bbf8796232d9454717e753eb9f2c5914c874aaa3d5b51fc82b887ad0b216006e" } ], "blurb": "A barrel that has already given up its flavour — third use, fourth, older. It still lets oxygen through the staves and still shapes texture; it just stops tasting of the forest.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "malolactic", "type": "practice", "name": "Malolactic fermentation", "as": "What happens inside these barrels, over winter.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "hanzell", "type": "producer", "name": "Hanzell Vineyards", "as": "Which imported French barrels to California and started the argument there.", "rel": "producer" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-oak-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Oak (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=748887", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370961109", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-barrel", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Barrel", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=640764", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368251228", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "neutral-oak/neutral-oak-wine-cave-in-burgundy.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Wine cave in Burgundy.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Wine_cave_in_Burgundy.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWine_cave_in_Burgundy.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/", "author": "Philip Larson", "credit": "originally posted to Flickr as DSC02022", "alt": "Wine cave containing aging oak barrels of wine in the French region of Burgundy", "date": "2008-08-11 09:12:52", "primary": true, "sha256": "bbf8796232d9454717e753eb9f2c5914c874aaa3d5b51fc82b887ad0b216006e" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "hanzell", "type": "producer", "name": "Hanzell Vineyards", "as": "The barrel question he answered by importing the barrels.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "malolactic", "type": "practice", "name": "Malolactic fermentation", "as": "Where it usually happens: in barrel, over a cold winter.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "wine-fault-brett", "type": "term", "name": "Brett", "as": "Where it lives, if it lives anywhere.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pigeage", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Punching down", "aliases": [ "Pigeage", "Punch-down" ] }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "ferment" }, "text": { "what": "Pushing the floating cap of skins back under the wine, by foot or by plunger, several times a day. Pinot's cap rises fast and dries out if nobody moves it.", "how": "Punching down extracts more gently than pumping over; it also warms the ferment and pushes oxygen in. Count and timing are how a cellar sets tannin without over-extracting a grape that has little to spare." }, "kin": [ { "to": "whole-cluster", "as": "What a foot meets when the stems stay in.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "saignee", "as": "The other lever for concentration, pulled before fermentation.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "to": "pigeage-term", "as": "The word itself.", "rel": "term" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-maceration-wine", "s:wp-fermentation-in-winemaking" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Pushing the floating cap of skins back under the wine, by foot or by plunger, several times a day. Pinot's cap rises fast and dries out if nobody moves it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "name": "Whole cluster", "as": "What a foot meets when the stems stay in.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "saignee", "type": "practice", "name": "Saignée", "as": "The other lever for concentration, pulled before fermentation.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "to": "pigeage-term", "type": "term", "name": "Pigeage", "as": "The word itself.", "rel": "term" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-maceration-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Maceration (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1455948", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302144966", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-fermentation-in-winemaking", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Fermentation in winemaking", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13824744", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334072242", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "name": "Whole cluster", "as": "The other half of the same fermentation decision.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "pigeage-term", "type": "term", "name": "Pigeage", "as": "The practice, at length.", "rel": "practice" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "saignee", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Saignée" }, "region": [ "world", "champagne" ], "facets": { "kind": "press" }, "text": { "what": "Bleeding juice off a red fermenter early, to raise the skin-to-juice ratio in what stays behind. The juice that comes out is sold as rosé.", "how": "Runs the other way round from making rosé on purpose: here the pink wine is a by-product of concentrating the red, and it tastes like one unless the fruit was picked with it in mind." }, "kin": [ { "to": "saignee-term", "as": "The word, from saigner, to bleed.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "champagne", "as": "Where rosé is more often made by blending red wine in instead.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-ros", "s:oxford-companion-wine-4" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Bleeding juice off a red fermenter early, to raise the skin-to-juice ratio in what stays behind. The juice that comes out is sold as rosé.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" }, { "key": "champagne", "name": "Champagne", "country": "France", "note": "pinot noir by area is the region's largest planting, mostly pressed white" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "saignee-term", "type": "term", "name": "Saignée", "as": "The word, from saigner, to bleed.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "champagne", "type": "region", "name": "Champagne", "as": "Where rosé is more often made by blending red wine in instead.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-ros", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Rosé", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1039412", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374076830", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:oxford-companion-wine-4", "kind": "book", "title": "The Oxford Companion to Wine", "author": "Jancis Robinson (ed.)", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "year": 2015, "note": "fourth edition" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "champagne", "type": "region", "name": "Champagne", "as": "The bleed that makes rosé, and the other way to use a black grape here.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "pigeage", "type": "practice", "name": "Punching down", "as": "The other lever for concentration, pulled before fermentation.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "from": "saignee-term", "type": "term", "name": "Saignée", "as": "The practice, at length.", "rel": "practice" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "names": { "name": "Whole cluster", "aliases": [ "Whole-bunch", "Vendange entière", "Stem inclusion" ] }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "ferment" }, "text": { "what": "Putting bunches into the fermenter with their stems still attached, instead of pulling the berries off first. Stems bring water, potassium, tannin and a green-stalk smell that turns spicy when it works and stalky when it doesn't.", "how": "Stems raise pH by absorbing acid, cool the ferment by taking up heat, and build a lattice that lets a cap breathe. Growers pick a percentage — 30%, 50%, all of it — and argue about it forever. Ripe lignified stems help; green ones taste like the pruning pile." }, "kin": [ { "to": "vendange-entiere", "as": "The French word, and its root.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "pigeage", "as": "The other half of the same fermentation decision.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "A variety thin enough in tannin to notice what the stems add.", "rel": "variety" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-maceration-wine", "s:oxford-companion-wine-4" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Putting bunches into the fermenter with their stems still attached, instead of pulling the berries off first.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "vendange-entiere", "type": "term", "name": "Vendange entière", "as": "The French word, and its root.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "pigeage", "type": "practice", "name": "Punching down", "as": "The other half of the same fermentation decision.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "A variety thin enough in tannin to notice what the stems add.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-maceration-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Maceration (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1455948", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302144966", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:oxford-companion-wine-4", "kind": "book", "title": "The Oxford Companion to Wine", "author": "Jancis Robinson (ed.)", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "year": 2015, "note": "fourth edition" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "cold-soak", "type": "practice", "name": "Cold soak", "as": "A decision taken at the same moment, on the same fruit.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "hand-harvest", "type": "practice", "name": "Hand harvest", "as": "The decision hand-picking keeps open.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "pigeage", "type": "practice", "name": "Punching down", "as": "What a foot meets when the stems stay in.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "vendange-entiere", "type": "term", "name": "Vendange entière", "as": "The practice itself.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "thin-skin", "type": "story", "name": "What thin skin costs", "as": "Another, in the fermenter.", "rel": "practice" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "coq-au-vin", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Coq au vin" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "course": "main", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "A tough old bird braised in red wine, lardons, mushrooms and onions, thickened with its own blood in the oldest versions. Burgundy cooks it in Burgundy and drinks the same wine with it.", "story": "The dish attaches itself to Julius Caesar in the usual apocryphal way. What it is, plainly, is a way to make a rooster edible: long, slow, wet heat and acid." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The wine in the pot and in the glass.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where the version with a named wine comes from.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "mushrooms", "as": "In the pot from the start.", "rel": "pairing" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-coq-au-vin" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "coq-au-vin/coq-au-vin-coq-au-vin.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Coq au vin.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coq_au_vin.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACoq_au_vin.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/", "author": "MattHucke at en.wikipedia", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Coq au vin, awaiting cooking.", "date": "7 April 2007 (original upload date)", "primary": true, "sha256": "16c2988f2385b1662e164f88982e87c1ddf00f201dcdf0a7f909d397f250db35" } ], "blurb": "A tough old bird braised in red wine, lardons, mushrooms and onions, thickened with its own blood in the oldest versions. Burgundy cooks it in Burgundy and drinks the same wine with it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The wine in the pot and in the glass.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where the version with a named wine comes from.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "mushrooms", "type": "pairing", "name": "Mushrooms", "as": "In the pot from the start.", "rel": "pairing" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-coq-au-vin", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Coq au vin", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=244551", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352191402", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "coq-au-vin/coq-au-vin-coq-au-vin.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Coq au vin.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coq_au_vin.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACoq_au_vin.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.5", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/", "author": "MattHucke at en.wikipedia", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Coq au vin, awaiting cooking.", "date": "7 April 2007 (original upload date)", "primary": true, "sha256": "16c2988f2385b1662e164f88982e87c1ddf00f201dcdf0a7f909d397f250db35" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "duck", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Duck" }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "course": "bird", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "The pairing pinot noir gets asked about most: dark meat, a thick fat cap, and enough savoury weight to meet a wine with little tannin.", "how": "Roasted whole, seared as breast, or salted and cooked in its own fat as confit. Fat carries flavour and coats the tongue; a high-acid red cuts through it in a way a low-acid one does not." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The wine most often poured with it.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where the pairing is a house rule.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "mushrooms", "as": "The other half of most plates it arrives on.", "rel": "pairing" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-duck-as-food", "s:wp-wine-and-food-matching" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "duck/duck-duck-dish-walluf.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Duck dish, Walluf.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Duck_dish%2C_Walluf.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADuck_dish%2C_Walluf.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Gerda Arendt", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Roasted duck with chestnuts and dumplings, served at Restaurant Agathes, Walluf", "date": "2022-03-06", "primary": true, "sha256": "d67a1e8e70a755e819d57edaa4d9d3d14a8cab4f42853ceff80fc27f62afed69" } ], "blurb": "The pairing pinot noir gets asked about most: dark meat, a thick fat cap, and enough savoury weight to meet a wine with little tannin.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The wine most often poured with it.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where the pairing is a house rule.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "mushrooms", "type": "pairing", "name": "Mushrooms", "as": "The other half of most plates it arrives on.", "rel": "pairing" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-duck-as-food", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Duck as food", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2579000", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373965088", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-wine-and-food-matching", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Wine and food pairing", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1045978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348171918", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "duck/duck-duck-dish-walluf.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Duck dish, Walluf.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Duck_dish%2C_Walluf.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADuck_dish%2C_Walluf.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Gerda Arendt", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Roasted duck with chestnuts and dumplings, served at Restaurant Agathes, Walluf", "date": "2022-03-06", "primary": true, "sha256": "d67a1e8e70a755e819d57edaa4d9d3d14a8cab4f42853ceff80fc27f62afed69" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "mushrooms", "type": "pairing", "name": "Mushrooms", "as": "Its usual companion on the plate.", "rel": "pairing" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "mushrooms", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Mushrooms" }, "region": [ "burgundy", "oregon", "world" ], "facets": { "course": "fungus", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "The flavour bridge: older pinot noir picks up a forest-floor smell, and a plate of fungi meets it head on. Glutamates in the mushroom read as savoury, which is the same register a mature bottle moves into." }, "kin": [ { "to": "duck", "as": "Its usual companion on the plate.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The wine whose aged character it mirrors.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "truffle-pairing", "as": "The expensive end of the same idea.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-edible-mushroom", "s:wp-umami" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "mushrooms/mushrooms-edible-fungi-in-basket-2009-g1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Edible fungi in basket 2009 G1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Edible_fungi_in_basket_2009_G1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AEdible_fungi_in_basket_2009_G1.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "George Chernilevsky", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Picked edible fungi in basket. Cep (Boletus edulis and Boletus reticulatus), golden chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius, Xerocomus chrysenteron, Xerocomus subtomentosus and Russula vesca. Trophies of a ", "date": "2009-07-11", "primary": true, "sha256": "75bdf31ee2ca373f960acd1c62a68980e85b7a26cff2bd96f5789b90c85f01ad" } ], "blurb": "The flavour bridge: older pinot noir picks up a forest-floor smell, and a plate of fungi meets it head on. Glutamates in the mushroom read as savoury, which is the same register a mature bottle moves into.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "duck", "type": "pairing", "name": "Duck", "as": "Its usual companion on the plate.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The wine whose aged character it mirrors.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "truffle-pairing", "type": "pairing", "name": "Truffle", "as": "The expensive end of the same idea.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-edible-mushroom", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Edible mushroom", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=193975", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374773352", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-umami", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Umami", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=62462", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373211998", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "mushrooms/mushrooms-edible-fungi-in-basket-2009-g1.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Edible fungi in basket 2009 G1.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Edible_fungi_in_basket_2009_G1.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AEdible_fungi_in_basket_2009_G1.jpg", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain", "author": "George Chernilevsky", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Picked edible fungi in basket. Cep (Boletus edulis and Boletus reticulatus), golden chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius, Xerocomus chrysenteron, Xerocomus subtomentosus and Russula vesca. Trophies of a ", "date": "2009-07-11", "primary": true, "sha256": "75bdf31ee2ca373f960acd1c62a68980e85b7a26cff2bd96f5789b90c85f01ad" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "coq-au-vin", "type": "pairing", "name": "Coq au vin", "as": "In the pot from the start.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "duck", "type": "pairing", "name": "Duck", "as": "The other half of most plates it arrives on.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "truffle-pairing", "type": "pairing", "name": "Truffle", "as": "The everyday version of the same pairing.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pinquito-beans", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Pinquito beans", "aliases": [ "Pinquitos" ] }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "california" ], "facets": { "course": "side", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "A small pink bean grown in the Santa Maria Valley and almost nowhere else, cooked with bacon or ham, garlic, chilli and a little tomato, and served in a bowl beside the beef.", "story": "Considered indigenous to this valley; a cross between a pink bean and a small white one. Betteravia Farms began growing them commercially in 1972, and a handful of local brands still supply the barbecue trade." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "as": "The plate it belongs to.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The only ground that grows them at scale.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recipes": [ { "title": "Pinquito beans, as the tradition describes them", "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "license": "ingredients-only", "ingredients": [ "pinquito beans", "bacon or ham", "garlic", "chilli", "tomato" ], "note": "ingredients only: the seasoning varies house to house and no free-to-use recipe was found for the method" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A small pink bean grown in the Santa Maria Valley and almost nowhere else, cooked with bacon or ham, garlic, chilli and a little tomato, and served in a bowl beside the beef.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The plate it belongs to.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The only ground that grows them at scale.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria–style barbecue", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=22881131", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328359472", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "What comes beside it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The bean that grows nowhere else much.", "rel": "pairing" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "red-oak", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Red oak", "aliases": [ "Coast live oak", "Quercus agrifolia", "Encina" ] }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "california" ], "facets": { "course": "condiment", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "The wood the whole style rests on. In Santa Maria, red oak means coast live oak — Quercus agrifolia — which grows on the hills around the valley and burns down to hot, steady coals without throwing much smoke.", "how": "Split, burned down to coals in a firebox or at the edge of the pit, then raked under a grate on a hand crank. The cook moves the meat up and down instead of moving the fire. Little smoke matters here: the valley is windy, and the cooking is hot and quick rather than long and low.", "notes": "The local name turns out to be good botany. Coast live oak is a semi-evergreen oak of the California Floristic Province, growing from Mendocino south into northern Baja, and it sits in the red oak section of the genus — though unusually for that group its acorns ripen in seven or eight months rather than eighteen. Californio Spanish called the tree encina, which is why Encinitas and Encinal are on the map." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "as": "The meat it cooks.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "Why the wood is the part that cannot be exported.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The hills it grows on.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-quercus-agrifolia", "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "red-oak/red-oak-quercus-agrifolia-6.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Quercus agrifolia-6.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Quercus_agrifolia-6.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AQuercus_agrifolia-6.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Eugene Zelenko", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Coast Live Oak", "date": "2009-03-29", "primary": true, "sha256": "ec28d1441af4139e70eb7ceae8760290e6a3d27d25cd6fc71f63cd82276fddce" } ], "blurb": "The wood the whole style rests on. In Santa Maria, red oak means coast live oak — Quercus agrifolia — which grows on the hills around the valley and burns down to hot, steady coals without throwing much smoke.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The meat it cooks.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "Why the wood is the part that cannot be exported.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The hills it grows on.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-quercus-agrifolia", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Quercus agrifolia", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=523174", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374637938", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria–style barbecue", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=22881131", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328359472", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "red-oak/red-oak-quercus-agrifolia-6.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Quercus agrifolia-6.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Quercus_agrifolia-6.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AQuercus_agrifolia-6.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Eugene Zelenko", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Coast Live Oak", "date": "2009-03-29", "primary": true, "sha256": "ec28d1441af4139e70eb7ceae8760290e6a3d27d25cd6fc71f63cd82276fddce" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The wood, which is not a red oak.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The wood, and why it stays home.", "rel": "pairing" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "salmon", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Salmon" }, "region": [ "oregon", "willamette" ], "facets": { "course": "fish", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "A fish oily enough to take a red wine, and in Oregon the pairing is local logic rather than theory — the fish and the pinot come from the same watershed.", "how": "Grilled over alder, or roasted. The oil in the flesh and the char off the fire both find something to do with a light red." }, "kin": [ { "to": "ipnc", "as": "Where a valley full of growers eats it every summer.", "rel": "event" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "The valley that grows the wine beside the river.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The red that gets poured with fish without an argument.", "rel": "variety" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-salmon-as-food", "s:wp-wine-and-food-matching" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "salmon/salmon-grilled-plated-salmon-fillet.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Grilled plated salmon fillet.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Grilled_plated_salmon_fillet.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGrilled_plated_salmon_fillet.jpg", "license": "CC0 1.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "DanaTentis", "credit": "https://pixabay.com/photos/salmon-fish-grilled-fish-grill-1485014/", "alt": "A grilled, plated salmon fillet", "date": "2016-06-29", "primary": true, "sha256": "344855a6702ef1fa9e5fd437cd6556ff8eac82e7d8dad53fad9de4b7086d80c5" } ], "blurb": "A fish oily enough to take a red wine, and in Oregon the pairing is local logic rather than theory — the fish and the pinot come from the same watershed.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" }, { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "ipnc", "type": "event", "name": "International Pinot Noir Celebration", "as": "Where a valley full of growers eats it every summer.", "rel": "event" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The valley that grows the wine beside the river.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The red that gets poured with fish without an argument.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-salmon-as-food", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Salmon as food", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=35566729", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367989983", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-wine-and-food-matching", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Wine and food pairing", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1045978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348171918", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.how": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "salmon/salmon-grilled-plated-salmon-fillet.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Grilled plated salmon fillet.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Grilled_plated_salmon_fillet.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGrilled_plated_salmon_fillet.jpg", "license": "CC0 1.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/", "author": "DanaTentis", "credit": "https://pixabay.com/photos/salmon-fish-grilled-fish-grill-1485014/", "alt": "A grilled, plated salmon fillet", "date": "2016-06-29", "primary": true, "sha256": "344855a6702ef1fa9e5fd437cd6556ff8eac82e7d8dad53fad9de4b7086d80c5" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "ipnc", "type": "event", "name": "International Pinot Noir Celebration", "as": "What gets cooked at the Saturday dinner.", "rel": "pairing" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "santa-maria-salsa", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Santa Maria salsa" }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "california" ], "facets": { "course": "condiment", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Chopped raw tomato, celery, green chilli, onion and a shot of vinegar or Worcestershire — thinner and sharper than a Mexican pico de gallo, and spooned over sliced beef rather than eaten with chips.", "how": "The acid is the point: the meat is lean and salty, and the salsa cuts it. That also changes what happens when you drink something with it." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "as": "What it goes on.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "Where the acid question meets the wine question.", "rel": "story" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "s:wp-salsa-sauce" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recipes": [ { "title": "Fresh salsa, as the tradition describes it", "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "license": "ingredients-only", "ingredients": [ "ripe tomato", "celery", "green chilli", "onion", "vinegar or Worcestershire sauce", "salt" ], "note": "ingredients only; proportions differ by household and this project has no free-to-use recipe for them" } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Chopped raw tomato, celery, green chilli, onion and a shot of vinegar or Worcestershire — thinner and sharper than a Mexican pico de gallo, and spooned over sliced beef rather than eaten with chips.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "What it goes on.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "Where the acid question meets the wine question.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria–style barbecue", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=22881131", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328359472", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-salsa-sauce", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Salsa (food)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=425104", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373777102", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "And what goes on it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The acid on the plate.", "rel": "pairing" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "aliases": [ "Tri-tip", "Santa Maria steak", "Triangle tip", "Newport steak" ] }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "california" ], "facets": { "course": "main", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "A triangular two-to-five-pound piece of bottom sirloin, rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, grilled over red oak coals to medium-rare and sliced across the grain. In its home valley it arrives with pinquito beans, salsa, green salad and buttered French bread grilled on the same fire.", "story": "The barbecue is older than the cut. Californio ranchers fed their vaqueros each spring from oak-coal pits, and the Santa Maria Club ran a stag barbecue for up to 700 people a month from 1931. Top sirloin was the meat. In the late 1950s a market manager in Santa Maria put a triangular piece that usually went to the grinder on a rotisserie instead, and by the 1960s the town had a cut of its own.", "how": "Grill directly over red oak, fat side up, turning once; pull at 130–135 °F and let it rest before slicing. The grain changes direction inside the muscle, so the knife has to change with it. Central California butchers leave the fat cap on; butchers elsewhere trim it.", "today": "Sold country-wide now, and still the default thing to cook at a Santa Maria Valley fundraiser, rodeo or school benefit." }, "kin": [ { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "The long version: the ranch, the oak, the competing claims, and the wine question.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "red-oak", "as": "The wood, which is not a red oak.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "pinquito-beans", "as": "What comes beside it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-salsa", "as": "And what goes on it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The valley that also grows pinot noir on the same hills.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "bob-schutz", "as": "The market manager the town credits.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "as": "Which defines the phrase on the menu.", "rel": "org" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.953, "lon": -120.436, "precision": "town" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "s:wp-tri-tip", "s:usda-imps-100", "s:web-smv-bbq-association", "s:wp-cut-of-beef" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "measures": [ { "key": "imps", "label": "IMPS / NAMP specification", "value": "185C", "unit": "", "year": null, "source": "s:usda-imps-100", "tier": "cited", "note": "bottom sirloin butt, tri-tip" }, { "key": "weight_lb", "label": "Untrimmed weight", "value": 5, "unit": "lb", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-tri-tip", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "pull_temp_f", "label": "Internal temperature for medium-rare", "value": "130–135", "unit": "°F", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-tri-tip", "tier": "cited" } ], "recipes": [ { "title": "Santa Maria seasoning", "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "license": "ingredients-only", "ingredients": [ "salt", "black pepper", "garlic salt" ], "note": "the seasoning as the tradition describes it — three things, rolled on before the meat goes over the coals" }, { "title": "The traditional plate", "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "license": "ingredients-only", "ingredients": [ "tri-tip or top block sirloin", "red oak coals", "pinquito beans", "fresh salsa", "tossed green salad", "French bread dipped in melted butter and grilled" ], "note": "the accompaniments named in the tradition; linguiça appears on many local menus alongside the beef" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "santa-maria-tri-tip/santa-maria-tri-tip-santamaria-stylebbq.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:SantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/SantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Eugene Kim from San Francisco, USA", "credit": "Santa Maria-Style BBQ", "alt": "Santa Maria-style barbecue: Tri-tip with salsa, pink beans (can't get pinquitos outside of Santa Maria), salad, and garlic bread. Would have been nice if the meat were rarer, but it was still deliciou", "date": "2007-07-04 12:11", "primary": true, "sha256": "d9b375372d89e4db7f83801718d69d71bd32d7012ad6ead2a9e8ac19a90253ae" } ], "blurb": "A triangular two-to-five-pound piece of bottom sirloin, rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, grilled over red oak coals to medium-rare and sliced across the grain.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The long version: the ranch, the oak, the competing claims, and the wine question.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "red-oak", "type": "pairing", "name": "Red oak", "as": "The wood, which is not a red oak.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "pinquito-beans", "type": "pairing", "name": "Pinquito beans", "as": "What comes beside it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-salsa", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria salsa", "as": "And what goes on it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The valley that also grows pinot noir on the same hills.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "bob-schutz", "type": "person", "name": "Bob Schutz", "as": "The market manager the town credits.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "as": "Which defines the phrase on the menu.", "rel": "org" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria–style barbecue", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=22881131", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328359472", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-tri-tip", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Tri-tip", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2982651", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368736893", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:usda-imps-100", "kind": "document", "title": "Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications, Series 100 — Fresh Beef", "publisher": "US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service", "url": "https://www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/imps", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the specification that gives the tri-tip its number" }, { "id": "s:web-smv-bbq-association", "kind": "web", "title": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "publisher": "Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce", "url": "https://www.santamaria.com/our-community/bbq-association/", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "note": "the association's own page: red oak native to the valley, beef rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, cooked on skewers over the coals; points at a certification programme for 'Santa Maria Style Barbeque Certified' locations" }, { "id": "s:wp-cut-of-beef", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Cut of beef", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=5453492", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371263209", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "santa-maria-tri-tip/santa-maria-tri-tip-santamaria-stylebbq.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:SantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/SantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Eugene Kim from San Francisco, USA", "credit": "Santa Maria-Style BBQ", "alt": "Santa Maria-style barbecue: Tri-tip with salsa, pink beans (can't get pinquitos outside of Santa Maria), salad, and garlic bread. Would have been nice if the meat were rarer, but it was still deliciou", "date": "2007-07-04 12:11", "primary": true, "sha256": "d9b375372d89e4db7f83801718d69d71bd32d7012ad6ead2a9e8ac19a90253ae" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "What the valley eats, and the argument about what to pour with it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "pinquito-beans", "type": "pairing", "name": "Pinquito beans", "as": "The plate it belongs to.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "red-oak", "type": "pairing", "name": "Red oak", "as": "The meat it cooks.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "santa-maria-salsa", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria salsa", "as": "What it goes on.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "bob-schutz", "type": "person", "name": "Bob Schutz", "as": "The dish that followed.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "as": "The dish it defines.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "dine-out-santa-maria-style", "type": "event", "name": "Dine Out Santa Maria Style", "as": "What is on every menu in it.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The dish itself, in one card.", "rel": "pairing" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "truffle-pairing", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Truffle" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "course": "fungus", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Burgundy has its own black truffle, and the smell does to a glass of old pinot what nothing else does. Shaved late, over something plain, and never cooked hard." }, "kin": [ { "to": "mushrooms", "as": "The everyday version of the same pairing.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where both come from.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-truffle" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Burgundy has its own black truffle, and the smell does to a glass of old pinot what nothing else does. Shaved late, over something plain, and never cooked hard.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "mushrooms", "type": "pairing", "name": "Mushrooms", "as": "The everyday version of the same pairing.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where both come from.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-truffle", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Truffle", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=291692", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366536535", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "mushrooms", "type": "pairing", "name": "Mushrooms", "as": "The expensive end of the same idea.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "washed-rind-cheese", "type": "pairing", "names": { "name": "Washed-rind cheese" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "course": "cheese", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Époisses, Soumaintrain, Langres — Burgundy's own cheeses, washed in brine and marc until they smell like a farmyard and taste milder than they smell. The classic local match, and a difficult one: the same wash that makes the rind pungent can flatten a delicate bottle." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Whose cheese board this is.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "Poured with it locally, and argued about everywhere else.", "rel": "variety" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-wine-and-food-matching" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Époisses, Soumaintrain, Langres — Burgundy's own cheeses, washed in brine and marc until they smell like a farmyard and taste milder than they smell.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Whose cheese board this is.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Poured with it locally, and argued about everywhere else.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-wine-and-food-matching", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Wine and food pairing", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1045978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348171918", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "andre-tchelistcheff", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "André Tchelistcheff", "sort": "Tchelistcheff, André" }, "region": [ "california", "carneros" ], "facets": { "role": "winemaker", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Russian-born, Paris-trained, and the winemaker most often credited with teaching post-Prohibition California what a cellar is for. He is remembered for cabernet, and he also argued for cold ground — Carneros among it." }, "kin": [ { "to": "los-carneros", "as": "The cold shoulder he pointed people toward.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "hanzell", "as": "A contemporary experiment in importing Burgundian cellar practice.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-andr-tchelistcheff" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Russian-born, Paris-trained, and the winemaker most often credited with teaching post-Prohibition California what a cellar is for. He is remembered for cabernet, and he also argued for cold ground — Carneros among it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" }, { "key": "carneros", "name": "Los Carneros", "country": "United States", "note": "the cold shoulder where Napa and Sonoma both reach San Pablo Bay" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "los-carneros", "type": "region", "name": "Los Carneros", "as": "The cold shoulder he pointed people toward.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "hanzell", "type": "producer", "name": "Hanzell Vineyards", "as": "A contemporary experiment in importing Burgundian cellar practice.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-andr-tchelistcheff", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "André Tchelistcheff", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3607017", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354489790", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "los-carneros", "type": "region", "name": "Los Carneros", "as": "Who argued for this ground when Napa wanted cabernet.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "aubert-de-villaine", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Aubert de Villaine", "sort": "Villaine, Aubert de" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "role": "owner", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Co-director of the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti from 1974 to 2021, and the man who spent a decade carrying Burgundy's climats to UNESCO.", "story": "He ran the domaine alongside Lalou Bize-Leroy until disagreements ended that arrangement in 1991, stepped back to an advisory role in 2022, and chaired the campaign that put the climats on the World Heritage List in 2015." }, "kin": [ { "to": "drc", "as": "The domaine he ran for nearly fifty years.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "climat", "as": "The unit he argued was heritage.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "lalou-bize-leroy", "as": "Co-director until 1991.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-aubert-de-villaine", "s:unesco-1425" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Co-director of the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti from 1974 to 2021, and the man who spent a decade carrying Burgundy's climats to UNESCO.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "drc", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "as": "The domaine he ran for nearly fifty years.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "The unit he argued was heritage.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "lalou-bize-leroy", "type": "person", "name": "Lalou Bize-Leroy", "as": "Co-director until 1991.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-aubert-de-villaine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Aubert de Villaine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3969626", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305476611", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:unesco-1425", "kind": "org", "title": "The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy — World Heritage List 1425", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1425/", "note": "inscribed 2015" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "drc", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "as": "Co-director, and the man who carried the Climats to UNESCO.", "rel": "person" }, { "from": "lalou-bize-leroy", "type": "person", "name": "Lalou Bize-Leroy", "as": "Her co-director there.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "bob-schutz", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Bob Schutz", "sort": "Schutz, Bob" }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "california" ], "facets": { "role": "butcher", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "A Santa Maria market manager who, in the late 1950s, took a triangular piece of bottom sirloin that was going into the hamburger grinder, seasoned it and put it on a rotisserie. The cut he sold as tri-tip is now the whole town's dish.", "story": "The account comes from Larry Viegas, a butcher who worked with him at a Santa Maria Safeway: an excess of hamburger meat, a piece nobody wanted, salt, pepper and garlic salt, forty-five minutes to an hour on the spit. Other people claim the cut elsewhere — an Army butcher in southern California during the war, an Oakland butcher, a New York restaurateur — and the tri-tip record lays those out side by side." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "as": "The dish that followed.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "Every claim to the cut, in order.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "His town, and the valley it made famous.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-tri-tip", "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A Santa Maria market manager who, in the late 1950s, took a triangular piece of bottom sirloin that was going into the hamburger grinder, seasoned it and put it on a rotisserie.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The dish that followed.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "Every claim to the cut, in order.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "His town, and the valley it made famous.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-tri-tip", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Tri-tip", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2982651", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368736893", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria–style barbecue", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=22881131", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328359472", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The market manager the town credits.", "rel": "person" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The man Santa Maria credits with the cut.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "burt-williams", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Burt Williams", "sort": "Williams, Burt" }, "region": [ "russian-river", "anderson-valley", "sonoma", "california" ], "facets": { "role": "winemaker", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Made Williams Selyem's wine in a Forestville garage, put growers' vineyard names on the front label when nobody else bothered, then sold up and planted his own vines in Anderson Valley." }, "kin": [ { "to": "williams-selyem", "as": "The winery he founded with Ed Selyem.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "russian-river-valley", "as": "The AVA his labels advertised.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:haeger-north-american" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Made Williams Selyem's wine in a Forestville garage, put growers' vineyard names on the front label when nobody else bothered, then sold up and planted his own vines in Anderson Valley.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "russian-river", "name": "Russian River Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "fog up the river valley, and the AVA that taught California what pinot could do" }, { "key": "anderson-valley", "name": "Anderson Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Mendocino, the Navarro River, fog through the redwood gap" }, { "key": "sonoma", "name": "Sonoma County", "country": "United States", "note": "Russian River, the true coast, Carneros' western half" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "williams-selyem", "type": "producer", "name": "Williams Selyem", "as": "The winery he founded with Ed Selyem.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "The AVA his labels advertised.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "williams-selyem", "type": "producer", "name": "Williams Selyem", "as": "Who made the wine, then went north and planted his own.", "rel": "made-by" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "david-lett", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "David Lett", "sort": "Lett, David" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "role": "grower", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Left UC Davis in 1964 with a degree and a plan to grow pinot noir outside Burgundy, and in 1965 planted it in the Willamette Valley — against the advice of every professor he had.", "story": "His 1975 Eyrie South Block Reserve placed tenth in a 1979 Paris tasting of pinot noir. Robert Drouhin ran the comparison again in Beaune in 1980, where it came second by a fraction to one of his own wines, and Burgundy took Oregon seriously from then on." }, "kin": [ { "to": "eyrie-vineyards", "as": "The winery he founded.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "The valley he bet on.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "as": "And the first American planting of it.", "rel": "variety" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-david-lett", "s:wp-the-eyrie-vineyards", "s:wp-oregon-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Left UC Davis in 1964 with a degree and a plan to grow pinot noir outside Burgundy, and in 1965 planted it in the Willamette Valley — against the advice of every professor he had.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "as": "The winery he founded.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The valley he bet on.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-gris", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot gris", "as": "And the first American planting of it.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-david-lett", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "David Lett", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=5890815", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356053194", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-the-eyrie-vineyards", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3800003", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340357536", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-oregon-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Oregon wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6426696", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373054628", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "Who planted the first pinot noir here and argued for the rest.", "rel": "person" }, { "from": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "as": "Who planted it.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "from": "how-pinot-travelled", "type": "story", "name": "How pinot left the hill", "as": "Who took it to Oregon against advice.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "henri-jayer", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Henri Jayer", "sort": "Jayer, Henri" }, "region": [ "cote-de-nuits", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "role": "winemaker", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "A Vosne-Romanée grower who started with a 3-hectare inheritance in the 1950s and changed how the Côte handles pinot noir — destemming, cold soak before fermentation, no filtration, clean fruit above all.", "story": "He read oenology at Dijon in the 1940s and farmed parcels in Échezeaux and Beaux Monts. His bottles now sell for more than almost any other Burgundy at auction, which is a fact about the market, not about the wine in the bottle." }, "kin": [ { "to": "richebourg", "as": "One of the parcels his name is attached to.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "cold-soak", "as": "A practice his cellar made standard on the Côte.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "as": "Where he worked all his life.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-henri-jayer" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A Vosne-Romanée grower who started with a 3-hectare inheritance in the 1950s and changed how the Côte handles pinot noir — destemming, cold soak before fermentation, no filtration, clean fruit above all.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-nuits", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "country": "France", "note": "Marsannay south to Corton; most of the red grands crus sit on this strip" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "richebourg", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Richebourg", "as": "One of the parcels his name is attached to.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "cold-soak", "type": "practice", "name": "Cold soak", "as": "A practice his cellar made standard on the Côte.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "cote-de-nuits", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Nuits", "as": "Where he worked all his life.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-henri-jayer", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Henri Jayer", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=7135825", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350392479", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "richebourg", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Richebourg", "as": "Who farmed here and taught half the Côte how he did it.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "jim-clendenen", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Jim Clendenen", "sort": "Clendenen, Jim" }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "role": "winemaker", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Founded Au Bon Climat in 1982 and spent forty years making Burgundian varieties on the Central Coast — big hair, big arguments, and a refusal to chase ripeness when everyone else did.", "story": "Born in Akron in 1953, died in 2021. Santa Barbara County called him the godfather of its wine trade, and he pushed the county's pinot noir and chardonnay into export markets that had not previously looked south of Monterey." }, "kin": [ { "to": "au-bon-climat", "as": "The winery he built and ran.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "bien-nacido", "as": "Where it lives.", "rel": "grown-at" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The valley he argued for.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-jim-clendenen", "s:wp-au-bon-climat" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Founded Au Bon Climat in 1982 and spent forty years making Burgundian varieties on the Central Coast — big hair, big arguments, and a refusal to chase ripeness when everyone else did.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "au-bon-climat", "type": "producer", "name": "Au Bon Climat", "as": "The winery he built and ran.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "Where it lives.", "rel": "grown-at" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The valley he argued for.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-jim-clendenen", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Jim Clendenen", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=7416474", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372278234", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-au-bon-climat", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Au Bon Climat", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=7416326", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333503261", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "au-bon-climat", "type": "producer", "name": "Au Bon Climat", "as": "Who ran it for four decades.", "rel": "made-by" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "josh-jensen", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Josh Jensen", "sort": "Jensen, Josh" }, "region": [ "california" ], "facets": { "role": "owner", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Worked harvests at the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti and Dujac, came home convinced the ground mattered more than the recipe, and hunted California for limestone until he found an old lime kiln on Mount Harlan." }, "kin": [ { "to": "calera", "as": "What he built on the limestone.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "calera-selection", "as": "The cuttings that travelled with him.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where he learned the argument.", "rel": "origin" } ], "sources": [ "s:devilliers-heartbreak", "s:haeger-north-american" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Worked harvests at the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti and Dujac, came home convinced the ground mattered more than the recipe, and hunted California for limestone until he found an old lime kiln on Mount Harlan.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "calera", "type": "producer", "name": "Calera", "as": "What he built on the limestone.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "calera-selection", "type": "clone", "name": "Calera selection", "as": "The cuttings that travelled with him.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where he learned the argument.", "rel": "origin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:devilliers-heartbreak", "kind": "book", "title": "The Heartbreak Grape: A Journey in Search of the Perfect Pinot Noir", "author": "Marq de Villiers", "publisher": "HarperCollins", "year": 1993 }, { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "calera", "type": "producer", "name": "Calera", "as": "Who chose the limestone and planted it.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "from": "calera-selection", "type": "clone", "name": "Calera selection", "as": "Who carried it, by the usual account.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "lalou-bize-leroy", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Lalou Bize-Leroy", "sort": "Bize-Leroy, Lalou" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "role": "owner", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "Took over her father's négociant house in 1955, co-managed the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti from 1974, and built Domaine Leroy and Domaine d'Auvenay into biodynamic estates with famously small crops." }, "kin": [ { "to": "domaine-leroy", "as": "The domaine she assembled in 1988.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "drc", "as": "Which she co-directed until 1991.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "aubert-de-villaine", "as": "Her co-director there.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-lalou-bize-leroy", "s:wp-domaine-leroy" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Took over her father's négociant house in 1955, co-managed the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti from 1974, and built Domaine Leroy and Domaine d'Auvenay into biodynamic estates with famously small crops.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "domaine-leroy", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Leroy", "as": "The domaine she assembled in 1988.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "drc", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine de la Romanée-Conti", "as": "Which she co-directed until 1991.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "aubert-de-villaine", "type": "person", "name": "Aubert de Villaine", "as": "Her co-director there.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-lalou-bize-leroy", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Lalou Bize-Leroy", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=9588650", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363874379", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-domaine-leroy", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Domaine Leroy", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=56625561", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300818613", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "domaine-leroy", "type": "producer", "name": "Domaine Leroy", "as": "Who built it and farms it.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "from": "aubert-de-villaine", "type": "person", "name": "Aubert de Villaine", "as": "Co-director until 1991.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "martin-ray", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Martin Ray", "sort": "Ray, Martin" }, "region": [ "santa-cruz-mountains", "california" ], "facets": { "role": "owner", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Bought Paul Masson's mountain winery in 1936, sold it during the war, and spent the rest of his life above Saratoga making pinot noir and chardonnay when California was planting neither.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* Ray insisted on varietal bottlings with nothing blended in, at a time when 'burgundy' on a California label meant whatever was in the tank. The vineyard he planted is the source of the Mount Eden selection." }, "kin": [ { "to": "mount-eden", "as": "The selection that came off his vines.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "santa-cruz-mountains", "as": "The ridge he farmed.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "paul-masson-person", "as": "Whose winery he bought.", "rel": "origin" } ], "sources": [ "s:haeger-north-american", "s:wp-paul-masson" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Bought Paul Masson's mountain winery in 1936, sold it during the war, and spent the rest of his life above Saratoga making pinot noir and chardonnay when California was planting neither.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-cruz-mountains", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "country": "United States", "note": "fault ridges either side of the range; Martin Ray's ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "mount-eden", "type": "clone", "name": "Mount Eden selection", "as": "The selection that came off his vines.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "santa-cruz-mountains", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "as": "The ridge he farmed.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "paul-masson-person", "type": "person", "name": "Paul Masson", "as": "Whose winery he bought.", "rel": "origin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 }, { "id": "s:wp-paul-masson", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Paul Masson", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1338911", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355864523", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-cruz-mountains", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "as": "Who kept pinot noir alive on this ridge through the 1940s and 1950s.", "rel": "person" }, { "from": "mount-eden", "type": "clone", "name": "Mount Eden selection", "as": "Whose vineyard the cuttings came from.", "rel": "origin" }, { "from": "paul-masson-person", "type": "person", "name": "Paul Masson", "as": "Who bought his mountain winery in 1936.", "rel": "descendant" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "merry-edwards", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Merry Edwards", "sort": "Edwards, Merry" }, "region": [ "russian-river", "sonoma", "california" ], "facets": { "role": "winemaker", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "One of California's first women to run a winery cellar, at Mount Eden in 1974, then at Matanzas Creek, then under her own name in the Russian River — where she also selected a pinot noir now propagated as her own." }, "kin": [ { "to": "russian-river-valley", "as": "Where her own vineyards sit.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "as": "How the selection bearing her name moves.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:haeger-north-american" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "One of California's first women to run a winery cellar, at Mount Eden in 1974, then at Matanzas Creek, then under her own name in the Russian River — where she also selected a pinot noir now propagated as her own.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "russian-river", "name": "Russian River Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "fog up the river valley, and the AVA that taught California what pinot could do" }, { "key": "sonoma", "name": "Sonoma County", "country": "United States", "note": "Russian River, the true coast, Carneros' western half" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "Where her own vineyards sit.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "How the selection bearing her name moves.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "russian-river-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Russian River Valley", "as": "Who made wine here and put her name on a clone selection.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "paul-masson-person", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Paul Masson", "sort": "Masson, Paul" }, "region": [ "santa-cruz-mountains", "california" ], "facets": { "role": "owner", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Born in a wine village outside Beaune in 1859, arrived in California in 1878, and built a sparkling-wine business in the Santa Cruz Mountains on vines he brought from Burgundy." }, "kin": [ { "to": "martin-ray", "as": "Who bought his mountain winery in 1936.", "rel": "descendant" }, { "to": "mount-eden", "as": "The selection the trade traces back through him.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "santa-cruz-mountains", "as": "Where he planted.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-paul-masson" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Born in a wine village outside Beaune in 1859, arrived in California in 1878, and built a sparkling-wine business in the Santa Cruz Mountains on vines he brought from Burgundy.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-cruz-mountains", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "country": "United States", "note": "fault ridges either side of the range; Martin Ray's ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "martin-ray", "type": "person", "name": "Martin Ray", "as": "Who bought his mountain winery in 1936.", "rel": "descendant" }, { "to": "mount-eden", "type": "clone", "name": "Mount Eden selection", "as": "The selection the trade traces back through him.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "santa-cruz-mountains", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Cruz Mountains", "as": "Where he planted.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-paul-masson", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Paul Masson", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1338911", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355864523", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "martin-ray", "type": "person", "name": "Martin Ray", "as": "Whose winery he bought.", "rel": "origin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "raymond-bernard", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Raymond Bernard", "sort": "Bernard, Raymond" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "role": "scientist", "country": "France" }, "text": { "what": "The Dijon agronomist behind the clonal selection programme that gave the world the numbered pinot noirs — 113, 114, 115, 667, 777 and the rest.", "story": "*Tradition holds —* Bernard directed the ONIVINS station at Dijon, ran the trials that certified the selections, and helped get the first of them to Oregon in the 1980s. The programme is well documented in the trade press; this record leans on the trade's account and says so." }, "kin": [ { "to": "dijon-115", "as": "The selection most planted from that programme.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "as": "The whole story.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "adelsheim", "as": "Who worked the Oregon end of the import.", "rel": "person" } ], "sources": [ "s:haeger-north-american", "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The Dijon agronomist behind the clonal selection programme that gave the world the numbered pinot noirs — 113, 114, 115, 667, 777 and the rest.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "The selection most planted from that programme.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "The whole story.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "adelsheim", "type": "producer", "name": "Adelsheim Vineyard", "as": "Who worked the Oregon end of the import.", "rel": "person" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "Who ran the selection programme the number comes from.", "rel": "person" }, { "from": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "Who ran the Dijon programme.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "richard-sanford", "type": "person", "names": { "name": "Richard Sanford", "sort": "Sanford, Richard" }, "region": [ "sta-rita-hills", "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "role": "grower", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "Read weather data instead of real-estate listings, worked out that the Santa Ynez Valley runs east-west and lets the ocean in, and planted pinot noir at Sanford & Benedict in 1971." }, "kin": [ { "to": "sanford-and-benedict", "as": "The vineyard he planted with Michael Benedict.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "as": "The AVA drawn around that ground in 2001.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:haeger-north-american", "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Read weather data instead of real-estate listings, worked out that the Santa Ynez Valley runs east-west and lets the ocean in, and planted pinot noir at Sanford & Benedict in 1971.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "sta-rita-hills", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "country": "United States", "note": "a wind tunnel between Buellton and Lompoc" }, { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "sanford-and-benedict", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Sanford & Benedict", "as": "The vineyard he planted with Michael Benedict.", "rel": "made-by" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "The AVA drawn around that ground in 2001.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 }, { "id": "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Sta. Rita Hills AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=15415082", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370033962", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "Who read the weather maps and picked this gap.", "rel": "person" }, { "from": "sanford-and-benedict", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Sanford & Benedict", "as": "Who chose the site.", "rel": "person" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "bivb", "type": "org", "names": { "name": "BIVB", "aliases": [ "Bureau Interprofessionnel des Vins de Bourgogne" ] }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "kind": "association", "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "Burgundy's trade body: the growers, the négociants and the appellation statistics, in one office in Beaune." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Whose numbers it publishes.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "negociant", "as": "One half of the trade it represents.", "rel": "term" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.024, "lon": 4.84, "precision": "town" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-burgundy-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Burgundy's trade body: the growers, the négociants and the appellation statistics, in one office in Beaune.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Whose numbers it publishes.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "negociant", "type": "term", "name": "Négociant", "as": "One half of the trade it represents.", "rel": "term" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "fps", "type": "org", "names": { "name": "Foundation Plant Services", "aliases": [ "Foundation Plant Services, UC Davis", "FPS" ] }, "region": [ "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "kind": "nursery", "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "The UC Davis programme that holds, tests and distributes certified grapevine material in the United States. The numbers on American clones — UCD 4, UCD 2A — are its numbers.", "how": "Imported vines go through quarantine and virus testing before release. That process is why certified material is slow and expensive, and why suitcase cuttings keep happening." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pommard-ucd4", "as": "Whose number is an FPS number.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "as": "The alternative, and its risks.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "as": "How the catalogue came to exist.", "rel": "story" } ], "geo": { "lat": 38.54, "lon": -121.75, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Davis", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "links": [ { "label": "Foundation Plant Services", "url": "https://fps.ucdavis.edu/" } ], "sources": [ "s:fps-grapes", "s:wp-foundation-plant-services" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The UC Davis programme that holds, tests and distributes certified grapevine material in the United States. The numbers on American clones — UCD 4, UCD 2A — are its numbers.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pommard-ucd4", "type": "clone", "name": "Pommard, UCD 4", "as": "Whose number is an FPS number.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "The alternative, and its risks.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "How the catalogue came to exist.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:fps-grapes", "kind": "dataset", "title": "National Grapevine Registry and the FPS public varieties list", "publisher": "Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis", "url": "https://fps.ucdavis.edu/", "note": "which clone selection carries which number in the United States" }, { "id": "s:wp-foundation-plant-services", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Agriculture in California", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=57071645", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373938455", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "Which holds and tests the American material.", "rel": "org" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "hospices-de-beaune", "type": "org", "names": { "name": "Hospices de Beaune" }, "region": [ "cote-de-beaune", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "kind": "association", "established": 1443, "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "A charitable hospital founded in 1443 that has been given vineyard land for five and a half centuries and sells the wine at auction every November to pay for the medicine.", "story": "Nicolas Rolin, chancellor to Philip the Good, and his wife Guigone de Salins built the Hôtel-Dieu with its tiled roof. Donors have left vines to it ever since, and the cuvées carry the donors' names." }, "kin": [ { "to": "hospices-auction", "as": "Its November sale.", "rel": "event" }, { "to": "corton", "as": "Among the parcels it holds.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "as": "Where nearly all its vines sit.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.022, "lon": 4.837, "precision": "street" }, "address": { "city": "Beaune", "state": "Côte-d'Or", "country": "FR" }, "links": [ { "label": "Hospices de Beaune", "url": "https://www.hospices-de-beaune.com/" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-hospices-de-beaune" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "hospices-de-beaune/hospices-de-beaune-beaune-h-tel-dieu-cour-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Beaune - Hôtel-Dieu - Cour - 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Beaune_-_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABeaune_-_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Benjamin Smith", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Beaune (Côte-d'Or, France) - Hôtel-Dieu (former hospital) - Courtyard - The glazed tiles roof", "date": "2025-08-07", "primary": true, "sha256": "96dad483efe8a7b3f719fdd06fafee1a4857e20b59ff482283c77d740e9f9d51" } ], "blurb": "A charitable hospital founded in 1443 that has been given vineyard land for five and a half centuries and sells the wine at auction every November to pay for the medicine.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-beaune", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "country": "France", "note": "Corton south to Santenay; reds and the great whites share the hill" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "hospices-auction", "type": "event", "name": "Hospices de Beaune auction", "as": "Its November sale.", "rel": "event" }, { "to": "corton", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Corton", "as": "Among the parcels it holds.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "Where nearly all its vines sit.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-hospices-de-beaune", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Hospices de Beaune", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=42940493", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374147070", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.story": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "hospices-de-beaune/hospices-de-beaune-beaune-h-tel-dieu-cour-01.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Beaune - Hôtel-Dieu - Cour - 01.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Beaune_-_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABeaune_-_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_-_Cour_-_01.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "author": "Benjamin Smith", "credit": "Own work", "alt": "Beaune (Côte-d'Or, France) - Hôtel-Dieu (former hospital) - Courtyard - The glazed tiles roof", "date": "2025-08-07", "primary": true, "sha256": "96dad483efe8a7b3f719fdd06fafee1a4857e20b59ff482283c77d740e9f9d51" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The charity whose November auction sets the tone for the vintage.", "rel": "org" }, { "from": "cote-de-beaune", "type": "region", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "as": "Whose vines sit mostly in these communes.", "rel": "org" }, { "from": "corton", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Corton", "as": "Whose auction lots include Corton parcels given by donors.", "rel": "org" }, { "from": "hospices-auction", "type": "event", "name": "Hospices de Beaune auction", "as": "Whose sale it is.", "rel": "org" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "inao", "type": "org", "names": { "name": "INAO", "aliases": [ "Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité" ] }, "region": [ "burgundy", "champagne", "alsace" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "kind": "appellation", "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "The French body that defines appellations, polices their boundaries and decides what may be planted, at what density, and how much may be picked." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Whose four ranks it administers.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "ava", "as": "The American equivalent, which regulates far less.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "to": "cru", "as": "The rank it grants and withholds.", "rel": "term" } ], "geo": { "lat": 48.85, "lon": 2.35, "precision": "town" }, "links": [ { "label": "INAO", "url": "https://www.inao.gouv.fr/" } ], "sources": [ "s:inao", "s:wp-appellation-dorigine-contr-l-e" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The French body that defines appellations, polices their boundaries and decides what may be planted, at what density, and how much may be picked.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "champagne", "name": "Champagne", "country": "France", "note": "pinot noir by area is the region's largest planting, mostly pressed white" }, { "key": "alsace", "name": "Alsace", "country": "France", "note": "the one red grape the appellation allows" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Whose four ranks it administers.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "ava", "type": "term", "name": "AVA", "as": "The American equivalent, which regulates far less.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "to": "cru", "type": "term", "name": "Cru", "as": "The rank it grants and withholds.", "rel": "term" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:inao", "kind": "org", "title": "Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité", "publisher": "INAO", "url": "https://www.inao.gouv.fr/", "note": "the body that defines and polices French appellations" }, { "id": "s:wp-appellation-dorigine-contr-l-e", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Appellation d'origine contrôlée", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1217686", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368808209", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "oregon-wine-board", "type": "org", "names": { "name": "Oregon Wine Board" }, "region": [ "oregon", "willamette" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "kind": "association", "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "The state commission that funds Oregon's viticulture research and publishes the harvest statistics this site quotes." }, "kin": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "The region most of its numbers describe.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.52, "lon": -122.68, "precision": "town" }, "address": { "city": "Portland", "state": "OR", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-oregon-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The state commission that funds Oregon's viticulture research and publishes the harvest statistics this site quotes.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" }, { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The region most of its numbers describe.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-oregon-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Oregon wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6426696", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373054628", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" }, "address": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "santa-barbara-vintners", "type": "org", "names": { "name": "Santa Barbara Vintners" }, "region": [ "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "kind": "association", "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "The county association that runs the tasting weekends and publishes the maps for the Santa Maria Valley, the Sta. Rita Hills and everything between." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "One of the AVAs it represents.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "as": "And the other.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.62, "lon": -120.19, "precision": "town" }, "address": { "city": "Los Olivos", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-santa-barbara-county-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The county association that runs the tasting weekends and publishes the maps for the Santa Maria Valley, the Sta. Rita Hills and everything between.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "One of the AVAs it represents.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "And the other.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-santa-barbara-county-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Barbara County wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=75415297", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355926051", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" }, "address": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "type": "org", "names": { "name": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association" }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "kind": "association", "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "The body at the Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce that defines the local barbecue and certifies places serving it: beef rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, cooked on skewers over coals of red oak native to the valley.", "today": "Its page points readers to 'Santa Maria Style Barbeque Certified' locations and invites places to get certified; the criteria themselves were not published on the page this project read on 16 September 2026." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "as": "The dish it defines.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "The long version, with the competing claims.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The valley whose name is on the menu.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.953, "lon": -120.436, "precision": "town" }, "address": { "city": "Santa Maria", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "links": [ { "label": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "url": "https://www.santamaria.com/our-community/bbq-association/" } ], "sources": [ "s:web-smv-bbq-association", "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The body at the Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce that defines the local barbecue and certifies places serving it: beef rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, cooked on skewers over coals of red oak native to the…", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The dish it defines.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "The long version, with the competing claims.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The valley whose name is on the menu.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:web-smv-bbq-association", "kind": "web", "title": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "publisher": "Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce", "url": "https://www.santamaria.com/our-community/bbq-association/", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "note": "the association's own page: red oak native to the valley, beef rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, cooked on skewers over the coals; points at a certification programme for 'Santa Maria Style Barbeque Certified' locations" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria–style barbecue", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=22881131", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328359472", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.today": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The body that polices what the phrase on the menu means.", "rel": "org" }, { "from": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "Which defines the phrase on the menu.", "rel": "org" }, { "from": "dine-out-santa-maria-style", "type": "event", "name": "Dine Out Santa Maria Style", "as": "The association behind it.", "rel": "org" }, { "from": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "Which defines the words on the menu.", "rel": "org" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "ttb", "type": "org", "names": { "name": "TTB", "aliases": [ "Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau" ] }, "region": [ "california", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "kind": "appellation", "status": "open" }, "text": { "what": "The US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau: it rules on AVA petitions, writes them into 27 CFR part 9, and approves every label that goes on a bottle.", "how": "An AVA petition has to show the name is already used for the place, propose a boundary, and show the growing conditions differ from the ground around it. Nothing in the rule speaks to quality." }, "kin": [ { "to": "ava", "as": "The instrument it administers.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "Established under its predecessor bureau in 1981.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "as": "And renamed by the TTB in 2005 after a trademark objection.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 38.9, "lon": -77.03, "precision": "town" }, "links": [ { "label": "TTB — AVAs", "url": "https://www.ttb.gov/wine/ava" }, { "label": "27 CFR part 9", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9" } ], "sources": [ "s:ttb-ava", "s:ecfr-27-9" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau: it rules on AVA petitions, writes them into 27 CFR part 9, and approves every label that goes on a bottle.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "ava", "type": "term", "name": "AVA", "as": "The instrument it administers.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "Established under its predecessor bureau in 1981.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "And renamed by the TTB in 2005 after a trademark objection.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ttb-ava", "kind": "org", "title": "American Viticultural Area (AVA)", "publisher": "US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau", "url": "https://www.ttb.gov/wine/ava", "licence": "public domain" }, { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "ava", "type": "term", "name": "AVA", "as": "The bureau that rules on the petitions.", "rel": "org" }, { "from": "free-to-use", "type": "story", "name": "Where this comes from", "as": "Which publishes it.", "rel": "org" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "dine-out-santa-maria-style", "type": "event", "names": { "name": "Dine Out Santa Maria Style" }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "status": "seasonal" }, "text": { "what": "A Chamber of Commerce restaurant fortnight built around the local barbecue — the valley's way of pointing visitors at the places that cook it." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "as": "The association behind it.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "as": "What is on every menu in it.", "rel": "pairing" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.953, "lon": -120.436, "precision": "town" }, "address": { "city": "Santa Maria", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:web-smv-bbq-association", "s:web-smv-visit-bbq" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A Chamber of Commerce restaurant fortnight built around the local barbecue — the valley's way of pointing visitors at the places that cook it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "as": "The association behind it.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "What is on every menu in it.", "rel": "pairing" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:web-smv-bbq-association", "kind": "web", "title": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "publisher": "Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce", "url": "https://www.santamaria.com/our-community/bbq-association/", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "note": "the association's own page: red oak native to the valley, beef rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, cooked on skewers over the coals; points at a certification programme for 'Santa Maria Style Barbeque Certified' locations" }, { "id": "s:web-smv-visit-bbq", "kind": "web", "title": "Santa Maria Valley — barbecue and the valley's restaurants", "publisher": "Santa Maria Valley Visitor and Convention Bureau", "url": "https://santamariavalley.com/", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "note": "the visitor bureau's site; its blog post on the barbecue trademark returned HTTP 403 to this project on 16 September 2026 and was not read" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" }, "address": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "hospices-auction", "type": "event", "names": { "name": "Hospices de Beaune auction" }, "region": [ "cote-de-beaune", "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "status": "seasonal", "kind": "association" }, "text": { "what": "The third Sunday of November in Beaune: the hospital's barrels go under the hammer, buyers pay well over the market, and the trade reads the prices as a verdict on the vintage.", "how": "Lots are barrels of new wine, sold by cuvée names that belong to the donors who gave the land. The buyer arranges the élevage and the bottling." }, "kin": [ { "to": "hospices-de-beaune", "as": "Whose sale it is.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The region that reads it as a weather report with prices.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.022, "lon": 4.837, "precision": "town" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-hospices-de-beaune" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The third Sunday of November in Beaune: the hospital's barrels go under the hammer, buyers pay well over the market, and the trade reads the prices as a verdict on the vintage.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "cote-de-beaune", "name": "Côte de Beaune", "country": "France", "note": "Corton south to Santenay; reds and the great whites share the hill" }, { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "hospices-de-beaune", "type": "org", "name": "Hospices de Beaune", "as": "Whose sale it is.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The region that reads it as a weather report with prices.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-hospices-de-beaune", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Hospices de Beaune", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=42940493", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374147070", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "hospices-de-beaune", "type": "org", "name": "Hospices de Beaune", "as": "Its November sale.", "rel": "event" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "ipnc", "type": "event", "names": { "name": "International Pinot Noir Celebration" }, "region": [ "willamette", "oregon" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "status": "seasonal" }, "text": { "what": "Three days at Linfield College in McMinnville every summer since 1987: growers from everywhere pinot noir is grown, pouring beside each other under tents, with salmon grilled over alder on the Saturday." }, "kin": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "as": "The valley that hosts it.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "salmon", "as": "What gets cooked at the Saturday dinner.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The single subject.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 45.21, "lon": -123.19, "precision": "town" }, "address": { "city": "McMinnville", "state": "OR", "country": "US" }, "links": [ { "label": "IPNC", "url": "https://www.ipnc.org/" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-oregon-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Three days at Linfield College in McMinnville every summer since 1987: growers from everywhere pinot noir is grown, pouring beside each other under tents, with salmon grilled over alder on the Saturday.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "willamette", "name": "Willamette Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "a hundred miles of valley floor and volcanic hills south of Portland" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "willamette-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Willamette Valley", "as": "The valley that hosts it.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "salmon", "type": "pairing", "name": "Salmon", "as": "What gets cooked at the Saturday dinner.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The single subject.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-oregon-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Oregon wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6426696", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373054628", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" }, "address": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "salmon", "type": "pairing", "name": "Salmon", "as": "Where a valley full of growers eats it every summer.", "rel": "event" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "saint-vincent-tournante", "type": "event", "names": { "name": "Saint-Vincent Tournante" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "country": "France", "status": "seasonal" }, "text": { "what": "Burgundy's growers' festival, held in a different village each January — the confréries process, the village decorates its streets with paper flowers, and the cellars open.", "story": "Saint Vincent is the growers' patron. The 'tournante' part is the rotation: the honour moves village to village, and the village that holds it spends a year preparing." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Whose villages take turns.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "vigneron", "as": "Whose feast it is.", "rel": "term" } ], "geo": { "lat": 47.1, "lon": 4.9, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-burgundy-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Burgundy's growers' festival, held in a different village each January — the confréries process, the village decorates its streets with paper flowers, and the cellars open.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Whose villages take turns.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "vigneron", "type": "term", "name": "Vigneron", "as": "Whose feast it is.", "rel": "term" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "text.story": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "world-of-pinot-noir", "type": "event", "names": { "name": "World of Pinot Noir" }, "region": [ "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "country": "United States", "status": "seasonal" }, "text": { "what": "A March weekend on the Santa Barbara coast where producers from Burgundy, Oregon, California and the southern hemisphere pour side by side — held at the ocean end of the county that grows the stuff." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "Half an hour north, and well represented.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "as": "And the other local AVA.", "rel": "region" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.43, "lon": -119.87, "precision": "town" }, "address": { "city": "Santa Barbara", "state": "CA", "country": "US" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-santa-barbara-county-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A March weekend on the Santa Barbara coast where producers from Burgundy, Oregon, California and the southern hemisphere pour side by side — held at the ocean end of the county that grows the stuff.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "Half an hour north, and well represented.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "And the other local AVA.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-santa-barbara-county-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Barbara County wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=75415297", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355926051", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "geo": { "tier": "tradition" }, "address": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "ava", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "AVA", "aliases": [ "American Viticultural Area" ] }, "etymology": { "root": "English initialism; the regulation calls it a 'viticultural area'", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:ecfr-27-9" }, "region": [ "california", "oregon" ], "facets": { "letter": "A", "kind": "appellation" }, "text": { "what": "American Viticultural Area: a boundary drawn around ground with a name, established by federal rule in 27 CFR part 9. It says where the grapes grew and nothing at all about how good they were.", "how": "Anybody may petition. The petition has to show the name is in use, the boundary is justified and the growing conditions are distinguishable. There is no yield cap, no variety list and no quality tier — which is the whole difference from an AOC." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "Established 1981: the country's third.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "ttb", "as": "The bureau that rules on the petitions.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where the same idea comes with rules about what you may plant and how much you may pick.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:wp-american-viticultural-area" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "American Viticultural Area: a boundary drawn around ground with a name, established by federal rule in 27 CFR part 9. It says where the grapes grew and nothing at all about how good they were.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "Established 1981: the country's third.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "ttb", "type": "org", "name": "TTB", "as": "The bureau that rules on the petitions.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where the same idea comes with rules about what you may plant and how much you may pick.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:wp-american-viticultural-area", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "American Viticultural Area", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=448714", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370555561", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "inao", "type": "org", "name": "INAO", "as": "The American equivalent, which regulates far less.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "from": "ttb", "type": "org", "name": "TTB", "as": "The instrument it administers.", "rel": "term" }, { "from": "free-to-use", "type": "story", "name": "Where this comes from", "as": "The regulation behind every American boundary here.", "rel": "term" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "brix", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Brix" }, "etymology": { "root": "Named for Adolf Brix, the nineteenth-century German scientist who refined the scale", "tier": "tradition" }, "region": [ "california", "oregon" ], "facets": { "letter": "B", "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "Sugar in the juice, as a percentage by weight. Pickers read it off a refractometer in the row, and it is the number most arguments about picking dates are conducted in — usually alongside acid and pH, which matter as much." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "A grape that can hit sugar before its stems and skins are ready.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "hand-harvest", "as": "The decision the number feeds into.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-winemaking" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Sugar in the juice, as a percentage by weight. Pickers read it off a refractometer in the row, and it is the number most arguments about picking dates are conducted in — usually alongside acid and pH, which matter as…", "region_terms": [ { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "A grape that can hit sugar before its stems and skins are ready.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "hand-harvest", "type": "practice", "name": "Hand harvest", "as": "The decision the number feeds into.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-winemaking", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Winemaking", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=373172", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373928422", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "etymology": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "climat", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Climat" }, "etymology": { "root": "French climat, from Latin clima, Greek klima — a slope, a zone of the sky; the Burgundian sense is a named plot", "note": "the everyday French word for climate is the same word, which confuses every visitor", "tier": "tradition" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "letter": "C", "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "In Burgundy, a named parcel of vineyard with a boundary, a history and a reputation — not a weather word. There are over a thousand of them on the Côte d'Or, and UNESCO listed the lot in 2015.", "how": "A climat is drawn on the ground, and the appellation rank is attached to it. Two neighbouring climats can differ by a rank and by a factor of ten in price." }, "kin": [ { "to": "burgundy", "as": "The region that counts in these units.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "lieu-dit", "as": "The wider French term a climat is a particular case of.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "clos-de-vougeot", "as": "One name, fifty hectares, and a lesson about what a climat does not tell you.", "rel": "vineyard" } ], "sources": [ "s:unesco-1425", "s:wp-burgundy-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "recognitions": [ { "by": "unesco", "what": "The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy, World Heritage List 1425", "year": 2015, "source": "s:unesco-1425" } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "In Burgundy, a named parcel of vineyard with a boundary, a history and a reputation — not a weather word. There are over a thousand of them on the Côte d'Or, and UNESCO listed the lot in 2015.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The region that counts in these units.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "lieu-dit", "type": "term", "name": "Lieu-dit", "as": "The wider French term a climat is a particular case of.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "clos-de-vougeot", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Clos de Vougeot", "as": "One name, fifty hectares, and a lesson about what a climat does not tell you.", "rel": "vineyard" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:unesco-1425", "kind": "org", "title": "The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy — World Heritage List 1425", "publisher": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1425/", "note": "inscribed 2015" }, { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [ { "key": "unesco", "label": "UNESCO World Heritage", "what": "The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy, World Heritage List 1425", "url": "", "year": 2015, "source": "s:unesco-1425" } ], "acclaim": 1, "kin_in": [ { "from": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "The word for a named parcel, and the unit the whole system counts in.", "rel": "term" }, { "from": "clos-de-vougeot", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Clos de Vougeot", "as": "The unit this vineyard is usually held up to explain — and to complicate.", "rel": "term" }, { "from": "aubert-de-villaine", "type": "person", "name": "Aubert de Villaine", "as": "The unit he argued was heritage.", "rel": "term" }, { "from": "cru", "type": "term", "name": "Cru", "as": "The plot a cru rank is attached to here.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "lieu-dit", "type": "term", "name": "Lieu-dit", "as": "Burgundy's own word for the ranked version.", "rel": "kin" }, { "from": "terroir", "type": "term", "name": "Terroir", "as": "The unit Burgundy uses to make the claim specific.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "cru", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Cru" }, "etymology": { "root": "French cru, past participle of croître, to grow — 'that which has grown'", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-grand-cru" }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "letter": "C", "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "A growth: a vineyard, or a class of vineyards, recognised for what it yields. Grand cru and premier cru rank the ground in Burgundy; in Bordeaux the same word ranks the château instead." }, "kin": [ { "to": "climat", "as": "The plot a cru rank is attached to here.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Four ranks, and the smaller the ground the louder the name.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-grand-cru", "s:wp-premier-cru" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A growth: a vineyard, or a class of vineyards, recognised for what it yields. Grand cru and premier cru rank the ground in Burgundy; in Bordeaux the same word ranks the château instead.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "The plot a cru rank is attached to here.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Four ranks, and the smaller the ground the louder the name.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-grand-cru", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Grand cru", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1967586", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298253085", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-premier-cru", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "First Growth", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=831138", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1290217898", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "inao", "type": "org", "name": "INAO", "as": "The rank it grants and withholds.", "rel": "term" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "lieu-dit", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Lieu-dit" }, "etymology": { "root": "French lieu (place) + dit (said, called) — 'the place they call'", "tier": "tradition" }, "region": [ "burgundy", "alsace" ], "facets": { "letter": "L", "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "A named place on the cadastral map — the official French term for a piece of ground people call something. Every climat is a lieu-dit; not every lieu-dit carries a cru rank." }, "kin": [ { "to": "climat", "as": "Burgundy's own word for the ranked version.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "monopole", "as": "What a lieu-dit is called when one owner holds it all.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-burgundy-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A named place on the cadastral map — the official French term for a piece of ground people call something. Every climat is a lieu-dit; not every lieu-dit carries a cru rank.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "alsace", "name": "Alsace", "country": "France", "note": "the one red grape the appellation allows" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "Burgundy's own word for the ranked version.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "monopole", "type": "term", "name": "Monopole", "as": "What a lieu-dit is called when one owner holds it all.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-burgundy-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Burgundy wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=715978", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365731507", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "etymology": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "The wider French term a climat is a particular case of.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "monopole", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Monopole" }, "etymology": { "root": "French monopole, from Greek monos (single) + pōlein (to sell)", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-monopole-wine" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "letter": "M", "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "A named vineyard held whole by one owner. Rare in Burgundy, where inheritance splits everything, and printed on the label whenever it is true." }, "kin": [ { "to": "romanee-conti", "as": "1.8 hectares, one owner.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "la-tache", "as": "Five hectares, the same owner.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "clos-de-vougeot", "as": "The opposite case: one name, eighty owners.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-monopole-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A named vineyard held whole by one owner. Rare in Burgundy, where inheritance splits everything, and printed on the label whenever it is true.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "1.8 hectares, one owner.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "la-tache", "type": "vineyard", "name": "La Tâche", "as": "Five hectares, the same owner.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "clos-de-vougeot", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Clos de Vougeot", "as": "The opposite case: one name, eighty owners.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-monopole-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Monopole (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2338456", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320835976", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "romanee-conti", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Romanée-Conti", "as": "One owner, one vineyard — the word for this arrangement.", "rel": "term" }, { "from": "lieu-dit", "type": "term", "name": "Lieu-dit", "as": "What a lieu-dit is called when one owner holds it all.", "rel": "kin" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "negociant", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Négociant" }, "etymology": { "root": "French négociant, a trader, from Latin negotiari, to do business", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-n-gociant" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "letter": "N", "kind": "cellar" }, "text": { "what": "A merchant who buys grapes, juice or finished wine, raises it in their own cellar and sells it under their own name. Half of Burgundy's output moves this way.", "how": "A négociant-éleveur raises what it buys. A domaine bottles only its own fruit. Many houses do both and the label says which is which, if you read the small print." }, "kin": [ { "to": "louis-jadot", "as": "A house that grew into a large grower as well.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "joseph-drouhin", "as": "And another.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where the trade is structured around this.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-n-gociant" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A merchant who buys grapes, juice or finished wine, raises it in their own cellar and sells it under their own name. Half of Burgundy's output moves this way.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "louis-jadot", "type": "producer", "name": "Maison Louis Jadot", "as": "A house that grew into a large grower as well.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "joseph-drouhin", "type": "producer", "name": "Maison Joseph Drouhin", "as": "And another.", "rel": "producer" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where the trade is structured around this.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-n-gociant", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Winemaker", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=928516", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783684", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "text.how": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "louis-jadot", "type": "producer", "name": "Maison Louis Jadot", "as": "What this house does, and the word for it.", "rel": "term" }, { "from": "bivb", "type": "org", "name": "BIVB", "as": "One half of the trade it represents.", "rel": "term" }, { "from": "vigneron", "type": "term", "name": "Vigneron", "as": "The other half of the Burgundian trade.", "rel": "contrast" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "pigeage-term", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Pigeage" }, "etymology": { "root": "French pigeage, from piger / pigeon-dialect verbs for treading or pressing down", "note": "the exact etymon is disputed; Burgundian dialect is the usual source given", "tier": "tradition" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "letter": "P", "kind": "ferment" }, "text": { "what": "Punching the cap down into the wine. The old tool is a plunger; the old method is bare legs." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pigeage", "as": "The practice, at length.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-maceration-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "low", "needs_verification": true, "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Punching the cap down into the wine. The old tool is a plunger; the old method is bare legs.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pigeage", "type": "practice", "name": "Punching down", "as": "The practice, at length.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-maceration-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Maceration (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1455948", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302144966", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "etymology": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pigeage", "type": "practice", "name": "Punching down", "as": "The word itself.", "rel": "term" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "saignee-term", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Saignée" }, "etymology": { "root": "French saignée, a bleeding, from saigner, to bleed, from Latin sanguinare", "tier": "tradition" }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "letter": "S", "kind": "press" }, "text": { "what": "The bleed. Juice drawn off a red fermenter to concentrate what stays, and sold as rosé." }, "kin": [ { "to": "saignee", "as": "The practice, at length.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-ros" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The bleed. Juice drawn off a red fermenter to concentrate what stays, and sold as rosé.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "saignee", "type": "practice", "name": "Saignée", "as": "The practice, at length.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-ros", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Rosé", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1039412", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374076830", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "etymology": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "saignee", "type": "practice", "name": "Saignée", "as": "The word, from saigner, to bleed.", "rel": "term" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "spatburgunder", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Spätburgunder", "aliases": [ "Blauburgunder", "Blauer Spätburgunder" ] }, "etymology": { "root": "German spät (late) + Burgunder (Burgundian)", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-german-wine" }, "region": [ "germany" ], "facets": { "letter": "S", "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "German for pinot noir, and a name that carries an argument: 'late Burgundian', against the früh — early — one that ripens weeks sooner." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The same vine.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "fruhburgunder", "as": "The early one the name is set against.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "to": "baden", "as": "Where most of it grows.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-german-wine", "s:wp-baden-wine-region" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "spatburgunder/spatburgunder-traube-des-blauen-sp-tburgunders.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Traube des blauen Spätburgunders.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Traube_des_blauen_Sp%C3%A4tburgunders.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATraube_des_blauen_Sp%C3%A4tburgunders.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Wladyslaw", "credit": "Own work (Original text: selbst erstellt)", "alt": "Trauben und Blätter des blauen Spätburgunders", "date": "2008-08-30", "primary": true, "sha256": "95a7077ed9f281702a24b1a6bddee780f2b075cb965255c9431fbe4a0cf20503" } ], "blurb": "German for pinot noir, and a name that carries an argument: 'late Burgundian', against the früh — early — one that ripens weeks sooner.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "germany", "name": "Germany", "country": "Germany", "note": "spätburgunder; the third-largest pinot noir planting on earth" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The same vine.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "fruhburgunder", "type": "variety", "name": "Frühburgunder", "as": "The early one the name is set against.", "rel": "contrast" }, { "to": "baden", "type": "region", "name": "Baden", "as": "Where most of it grows.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-german-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "German wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1039202", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363074961", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-baden-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Baden (wine region)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=14989190", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343190178", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "spatburgunder/spatburgunder-traube-des-blauen-sp-tburgunders.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:Traube des blauen Spätburgunders.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Traube_des_blauen_Sp%C3%A4tburgunders.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATraube_des_blauen_Sp%C3%A4tburgunders.jpg", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/", "author": "Wladyslaw", "credit": "Own work (Original text: selbst erstellt)", "alt": "Trauben und Blätter des blauen Spätburgunders", "date": "2008-08-30", "primary": true, "sha256": "95a7077ed9f281702a24b1a6bddee780f2b075cb965255c9431fbe4a0cf20503" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "terroir", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Terroir" }, "etymology": { "root": "French terroir, from Latin territorium; older French sense 'soil, ground'", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-terroir" }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "letter": "T", "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "The claim that a wine tastes of where it grew — soil, slope, aspect, weather, and the habits of the people farming it. In France it is also a legal argument, because appellations are drawn on it." }, "kin": [ { "to": "climat", "as": "The unit Burgundy uses to make the claim specific.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The variety most often held up as the transmitter, whether or not it is.", "rel": "variety" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-terroir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "The claim that a wine tastes of where it grew — soil, slope, aspect, weather, and the habits of the people farming it. In France it is also a legal argument, because appellations are drawn on it.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "climat", "type": "term", "name": "Climat", "as": "The unit Burgundy uses to make the claim specific.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The variety most often held up as the transmitter, whether or not it is.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-terroir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Terroir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=896092", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364178782", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "vendange-entiere", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Vendange entière" }, "etymology": { "root": "French vendange (grape harvest, from Latin vindemia) + entière (whole)", "tier": "tradition" }, "region": [ "burgundy" ], "facets": { "letter": "V", "kind": "ferment" }, "text": { "what": "Whole harvest: the bunches go in as they came off the vine, stems and all." }, "kin": [ { "to": "whole-cluster", "as": "The practice itself.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "pinot-meunier", "as": "A variety often treated this way in Champagne.", "rel": "variety" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-maceration-wine" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Whole harvest: the bunches go in as they came off the vine, stems and all.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "name": "Whole cluster", "as": "The practice itself.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "pinot-meunier", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot Meunier", "as": "A variety often treated this way in Champagne.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-maceration-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Maceration (wine)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1455948", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302144966", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "etymology": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-meunier", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot Meunier", "as": "A press-house decision that treats it the same as its parent.", "rel": "practice" }, { "from": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "name": "Whole cluster", "as": "The French word, and its root.", "rel": "term" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "vigneron", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Vigneron" }, "etymology": { "root": "French vigneron, from vigne (vine), from Latin vinea", "tier": "tradition" }, "region": [ "burgundy", "world" ], "facets": { "letter": "V", "kind": "vineyard" }, "text": { "what": "A grower who makes the wine. Not a winemaker who buys fruit and not a farmer who sells it — the word insists on both halves of the job." }, "kin": [ { "to": "negociant", "as": "The other half of the Burgundian trade.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "sources": [ "s:oxford-companion-wine-4" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A grower who makes the wine. Not a winemaker who buys fruit and not a farmer who sells it — the word insists on both halves of the job.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "negociant", "type": "term", "name": "Négociant", "as": "The other half of the Burgundian trade.", "rel": "contrast" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:oxford-companion-wine-4", "kind": "book", "title": "The Oxford Companion to Wine", "author": "Jancis Robinson (ed.)", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "year": 2015, "note": "fourth edition" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "tradition" }, "etymology": { "tier": "tradition" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "saint-vincent-tournante", "type": "event", "name": "Saint-Vincent Tournante", "as": "Whose feast it is.", "rel": "term" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "wine-fault-brett", "type": "term", "names": { "name": "Brett", "aliases": [ "Brettanomyces" ] }, "etymology": { "root": "Latinised Greek: Brettano- (British) + -myces (fungus) — named in a Carlsberg lab from British beer", "tier": "cited", "source": "s:wp-brettanomyces" }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "letter": "B", "kind": "cellar" }, "text": { "what": "Brettanomyces, a yeast that lives in old barrels and makes phenols people describe as barnyard, plaster or clove. Some drinkers read a little of it as complexity, laboratories read it as spoilage, and pinot noir shows it early because there is so little else in the way." }, "kin": [ { "to": "native-yeast", "as": "Whose risk this is.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "neutral-oak", "as": "Where it lives, if it lives anywhere.", "rel": "kin" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-brettanomyces", "s:wp-wine-fault" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Brettanomyces, a yeast that lives in old barrels and makes phenols people describe as barnyard, plaster or clove.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "native-yeast", "type": "practice", "name": "Native yeast", "as": "Whose risk this is.", "rel": "kin" }, { "to": "neutral-oak", "type": "practice", "name": "Neutral oak", "as": "Where it lives, if it lives anywhere.", "rel": "kin" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-brettanomyces", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Brettanomyces", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1044750", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330177882", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-wine-fault", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Wine fault", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3031996", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366999655", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "etymology": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "native-yeast", "type": "practice", "name": "Native yeast", "as": "The organism that gets blamed when this goes wrong.", "rel": "contrast" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "free-to-use", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "Where this comes from" }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "resources" }, "text": { "what": "Every fact on this site points at something you can open yourself. This page lists what those things are, what each one costs to use, and where the gaps sit." }, "kin": [ { "to": "ava", "as": "The regulation behind every American boundary here.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "ttb", "as": "Which publishes it.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "as": "A page that says plainly what it could not settle.", "rel": "story" } ], "sources": [ "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:natural-earth", "s:osm", "s:oxford-companion-wine-4" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "sections": [ { "h": "The public record", "text": "27 CFR part 9 lists every American Viticultural Area, its boundary and the Federal Register notice that made it. It is a work of the United States government and free of copyright. This project harvested the whole part from the eCFR — 289 sections, 284 of them carrying a Federal Register year — and every AVA date on this site comes from there rather than from a repetition of it." }, { "h": "The map", "text": "Country outlines, subdivisions and coastline come from Natural Earth, public domain. Cellar and tasting-room points come from OpenStreetMap under ODbL, harvested through Overpass inside named boxes — which is why the map is dense in Baden and empty in places that certainly have wineries. An empty box means nobody has tagged them, not that nobody is there." }, { "h": "The encyclopaedia", "text": "Wikipedia articles are used as a corpus and cited by revision, so a citation points at the text this project actually read. They are CC BY-SA. Where a claim rests only on a Wikipedia article, the record says so; where it rests on general knowledge of the subject, the provenance tier says tradition and the sentence is hedged." }, { "h": "What is not free", "text": "The books in the source list — the Oxford Companion, the World Atlas, Wine Grapes, Jasper Morris on Burgundy, Haeger on North American pinot noir — are in copyright and are cited, never quoted at length. Recipes are only reproduced where the licence allows it; otherwise this site lists ingredients, which are facts, and leaves the method to whoever wrote it." }, { "h": "The gaps, named", "text": "No record carries a field observation yet. Planted area is missing for most single vineyards. Hours are missing for most cellars, and a missing day is shown as unknown rather than guessed. OpenStreetMap returned no winery at all inside the Anderson Valley box on 16 September 2026, which says something about tagging and nothing about Anderson Valley." } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Every fact on this site points at something you can open yourself. This page lists what those things are, what each one costs to use, and where the gaps sit.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "ava", "type": "term", "name": "AVA", "as": "The regulation behind every American boundary here.", "rel": "term" }, { "to": "ttb", "type": "org", "name": "TTB", "as": "Which publishes it.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "name": "Tri-tip over red oak", "as": "A page that says plainly what it could not settle.", "rel": "story" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:natural-earth", "kind": "dataset", "title": "Natural Earth", "publisher": "Natural Earth", "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/", "licence": "public domain", "note": "country outlines, subdivisions and coastline behind every map here" }, { "id": "s:osm", "kind": "dataset", "title": "OpenStreetMap", "publisher": "OpenStreetMap contributors", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/", "licence": "ODbL 1.0", "note": "harvested through the Overpass API; see data/harvest/osm-places.json for the query and the date" }, { "id": "s:oxford-companion-wine-4", "kind": "book", "title": "The Oxford Companion to Wine", "author": "Jancis Robinson (ed.)", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "year": 2015, "note": "fourth edition" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "how-pinot-travelled", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "How pinot left the hill" }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "essay" }, "text": { "what": "Burgundy spent a thousand years working out which slope did what. Everyone else has had about sixty years, and has spent most of it looking for the same three things: a cold growing season, a long one, and something in the ground that drains." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The vine doing the travelling.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "as": "Where it starts.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "david-lett", "as": "Who took it to Oregon against advice.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "as": "What made it portable at scale.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "abel-clone", "as": "And the less official route.", "rel": "clone" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-oregon-wine", "s:wp-the-eyrie-vineyards", "s:wp-russian-river-valley-ava", "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region", "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "s:wp-pinot-noir" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "sections": [ { "h": "The problem to be solved", "text": "Pinot noir ripens early, which in a warm place means it ripens too fast: sugar arrives before flavour and the acid falls out. It has thin skin, which in a wet place means rot. It buds early, which in a frosty place means no crop. Every region that grows it well has found a way to be cold without being lethal — fog, altitude, a lake, a wind gap, a long maritime autumn." }, { "h": "Oregon, 1965", "text": "David Lett left UC Davis in 1964 with a plan to grow pinot noir outside Burgundy and, in 1965, planted in the Willamette Valley against the advice of every professor he had. His 1975 South Block Reserve placed tenth in a Paris tasting in 1979. Robert Drouhin ran the comparison again in Beaune the next year, where it came second by a fraction to one of his own wines. In 1987 the Drouhin family bought land in the Dundee Hills." }, { "h": "California's fog corridors", "text": "California's answer was not altitude but marine air. Fog runs up the Russian River gap, through the Navarro at Anderson Valley, across the Carneros shoulder from San Pablo Bay, and straight into the transverse valleys of Santa Barbara County — where the mountains run east-west and let the ocean walk inland. Russian River pinot plantings went from about 4,000 acres to over 12,000 between the late 1990s and 2003. Santa Maria Valley, at 34.9°N, runs colder through the growing season than most of Oregon." }, { "h": "The southern hemisphere", "text": "Central Otago planted 92 hectares and grew to 1,930, with over 80% of it pinot noir — the only region of its size to bet that hard on one variety. Martinborough took a gravel terrace in a rain shadow. Tasmania and Mornington took the sea. Chile took the Humboldt current, South Africa took the clay behind Hermanus, and Patagonia took wind and long light." }, { "h": "What travelled with it", "text": "Cuttings, mostly, and arguments. Pommard and Wädenswil through UC Davis, then the Dijon numbers through the French selection programme and Oregon's importers. Some of it moved less formally: New Zealand still tells the story of a cutting confiscated at Auckland airport and handed to a customs officer who made wine. What did not travel is the part Burgundy spent a millennium on — a map of which parcel does what, drawn by people who had time to be wrong repeatedly." } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Burgundy spent a thousand years working out which slope did what.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The vine doing the travelling.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "Where it starts.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "david-lett", "type": "person", "name": "David Lett", "as": "Who took it to Oregon against advice.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "name": "The numbers on the vine", "as": "What made it portable at scale.", "rel": "story" }, { "to": "abel-clone", "type": "clone", "name": "Abel clone", "as": "And the less official route.", "rel": "clone" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-oregon-wine", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Oregon wine", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6426696", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373054628", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-the-eyrie-vineyards", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=3800003", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340357536", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-russian-river-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Russian River Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13610140", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355926003", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-central-otago-wine-region", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Central Otago wine region", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1468699", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363939055", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=10711580", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360626562", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "burgundy", "type": "region", "name": "Burgundy", "as": "How cuttings and arguments from this hill reached Oregon, Otago and the Cape.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "eyrie-vineyards", "type": "producer", "name": "The Eyrie Vineyards", "as": "One leg of the journey, told at length.", "rel": "story" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "the-dijon-numbers", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "The numbers on the vine" }, "region": [ "burgundy", "oregon", "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "essay" }, "text": { "what": "A grower ordering pinot noir today picks numbers out of a catalogue: 115, 667, 777, or Pommard, or Wädenswil. Each one is a single mother vine, tested clean of virus and copied. That is a twentieth-century invention, and it changed what a vineyard can be." }, "kin": [ { "to": "dijon-115", "as": "The number planted most.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "as": "The older way, still practised.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "fps", "as": "Which holds and tests the American material.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "raymond-bernard", "as": "Who ran the Dijon programme.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "A variety that mutates enough to make all this necessary.", "rel": "variety" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:fps-grapes", "s:haeger-north-american" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" }, "fields": { "sections[3].text": { "tier": "tradition", "note": "trade folklore, recorded as folklore" } } }, "sections": [ { "h": "Why a vine needs a number", "text": "Pinot noir mutates readily — there are hundreds of clones in vineyards and collections — and it carries virus. Leafroll and fanleaf will quietly cost a grower ripeness for thirty years. Clonal selection answers both: pick one vine that performs, test it clean, propagate it, give it a number, and every plant from that line behaves roughly the same." }, { "h": "What Dijon did", "text": "France's national programme selected and certified pinot noir clones through the university and research station at Dijon, and the numbers — 113, 114, 115, 667, 777, 828 and others — reached the New World from the 1980s. *Tradition holds —* Raymond Bernard directed the work and helped get the first material to Oregon. Before that, American plantings ran mostly on Pommard (UCD 4) and Wädenswil (UCD 1A and 2A) out of UC Davis, and Oregon made its early reputation on exactly those two." }, { "h": "What it cost", "text": "Uniformity. A block of one clone ripens together, which is convenient, and tastes like one thing, which is not always what you want. Growers hedge by planting several numbers in strips and blending them back, or by taking cuttings from an old block instead — massal selection, which keeps the variation and the virus together.\n\nCalifornia also learned what happens when nobody checks: high-cropping upright selections sold as 'Gamay Beaujolais' were pinot noir under another name, and a generation of plantings suffered for it." }, { "h": "The suitcase", "text": "Certified material is slow. Quarantine and virus indexing take years, and growers in a hurry have always found other routes. The California trade repeats that the Calera selection came home with Josh Jensen from Burgundy; New Zealand tells the Abel story as folklore. Neither is documented, both are planted widely, and the nurseries that sell certified vines will tell you exactly what that costs everybody else." } ], "confidence": "medium", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "A grower ordering pinot noir today picks numbers out of a catalogue: 115, 667, 777, or Pommard, or Wädenswil. Each one is a single mother vine, tested clean of virus and copied.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "burgundy", "name": "Burgundy", "country": "France", "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set" }, { "key": "oregon", "name": "Oregon", "country": "United States", "note": "the Willamette Valley and the AVAs nested inside it" }, { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "The number planted most.", "rel": "clone" }, { "to": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "The older way, still practised.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "fps", "type": "org", "name": "Foundation Plant Services", "as": "Which holds and tests the American material.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "raymond-bernard", "type": "person", "name": "Raymond Bernard", "as": "Who ran the Dijon programme.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "A variety that mutates enough to make all this necessary.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:fps-grapes", "kind": "dataset", "title": "National Grapevine Registry and the FPS public varieties list", "publisher": "Foundation Plant Services, University of California, Davis", "url": "https://fps.ucdavis.edu/", "note": "which clone selection carries which number in the United States" }, { "id": "s:haeger-north-american", "kind": "book", "title": "North American Pinot Noir", "author": "John Winthrop Haeger", "publisher": "University of California Press", "year": 2004 } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "dijon-115", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 115", "as": "How Burgundy came to sell its vines by catalogue.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "dijon-777", "type": "clone", "name": "Dijon 777", "as": "The programme behind the number.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "pinot-droit", "type": "clone", "name": "Pinot Droit", "as": "What replaced it, and why growers changed their minds.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "pommard-ucd4", "type": "clone", "name": "Pommard, UCD 4", "as": "Why a vine has a catalogue number at all.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "massale-selection", "type": "practice", "name": "Massal selection", "as": "The alternative, and how it won the nursery trade.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "raymond-bernard", "type": "person", "name": "Raymond Bernard", "as": "The whole story.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "fps", "type": "org", "name": "Foundation Plant Services", "as": "How the catalogue came to exist.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "how-pinot-travelled", "type": "story", "name": "How pinot left the hill", "as": "What made it portable at scale.", "rel": "story" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "the-sideways-effect", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "One film, measured" }, "region": [ "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "kind": "essay" }, "text": { "what": "In October 2004 a comedy about two men on a road trip through Santa Barbara County put a speech about pinot noir into cinemas, and the American wine trade could see it in the sales figures within months." }, "kin": [ { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "as": "Where much of it was filmed.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The variety it sold.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "Half an hour north of the film's route, and a beneficiary.", "rel": "region" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-sideways", "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" }, "fields": { "sections[1].text": { "tier": "inference" } } }, "sections": [ { "h": "The numbers", "text": "In the months after release, merlot sales fell 2% and pinot noir sales rose 16% in the western United States. A 2009 Sonoma State University study found the film slowed merlot's growth and pushed its price down, but concluded that its main effect was a rise in pinot noir's volume and price, and in wine consumption overall." }, { "h": "What it did to a county", "text": "The road trip runs through the Santa Ynez Valley and the Sta. Rita Hills, and the tasting rooms it passed got a decade of visitors out of it. *Inference —* the timing helped: the Sta. Rita Hills AVA had been established in 2001, so a region with a new name on the label got a national advertisement for free, three years in." }, { "h": "What it did not do", "text": "It did not teach anyone what pinot noir tastes like, and it did not change a single thing in a vineyard. The vines that carried the increase were already in the ground — planted by people who had spent the 1980s and 1990s being told the variety was a dead end." } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "In October 2004 a comedy about two men on a road trip through Santa Barbara County put a speech about pinot noir into cinemas, and the American wine trade could see it in the sales figures within months.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "sta-rita-hills", "type": "region", "name": "Sta. Rita Hills", "as": "Where much of it was filmed.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The variety it sold.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "Half an hour north of the film's route, and a beneficiary.", "rel": "region" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-sideways", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Sideways", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1144172", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370534473", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-sta-rita-hills-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Sta. Rita Hills AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=15415082", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370033962", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "thin-skin", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "What thin skin costs" }, "region": [ "world" ], "facets": { "kind": "essay" }, "text": { "what": "Every difficulty pinot noir hands a grower comes from the same anatomy that makes the wine worth the trouble: a small, tight, pinecone-shaped bunch of thin-skinned berries that ripens early." }, "kin": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The vine in question.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "green-harvest", "as": "One answer, with secateurs.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "whole-cluster", "as": "Another, in the fermenter.", "rel": "practice" } ], "sources": [ "s:wp-pinot-noir", "s:oxford-companion-wine-4" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" } }, "sections": [ { "h": "In the vineyard", "text": "Thin skin splits in rain and rots in humidity. Tight bunches hold moisture against the berries and keep spray out. Early budding walks into spring frost; early ripening walks into a September heat spike that strips acid in days. Little pigment and little phenolic material mean the wine is pale and low in tannin whatever the grower does — so anything that would normally hide a fault has nowhere to hide it." }, { "h": "In the cellar", "text": "There is no ballast. Excess new oak shows. Brett shows. Over-extraction turns green rather than powerful, because there is not much tannin to draw and what there is comes with the bitter end of the skins and seeds. Most pinot cellar technique is about restraint and about texture: gentle cap work, old barrels, and decisions made in the first three days." }, { "h": "On the balance sheet", "text": "Low yields by rule and by habit, hand picking, sorting, small fermenters, more barrels per litre than a big red needs, and a variety that will refuse a vintage outright. That arithmetic is why grand cru Burgundy costs what it costs, and it is also why so much cheap pinot noir tastes hollow: the grape does not have a cheap register." } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "blurb": "Every difficulty pinot noir hands a grower comes from the same anatomy that makes the wine worth the trouble: a small, tight, pinecone-shaped bunch of thin-skinned berries that ripens early.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "world", "name": "The world", "country": null, "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The vine in question.", "rel": "variety" }, { "to": "green-harvest", "type": "practice", "name": "Green harvest", "as": "One answer, with secateurs.", "rel": "practice" }, { "to": "whole-cluster", "type": "practice", "name": "Whole cluster", "as": "Another, in the fermenter.", "rel": "practice" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-pinot-noir", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Pinot noir", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=197760", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302191", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:oxford-companion-wine-4", "kind": "book", "title": "The Oxford Companion to Wine", "author": "Jancis Robinson (ed.)", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "year": 2015, "note": "fourth edition" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": null, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "Every difficulty this grape hands a grower, in one place.", "rel": "story" } ] }, { "schema": 1, "id": "tri-tip-over-red-oak", "type": "story", "names": { "name": "Tri-tip over red oak" }, "region": [ "santa-maria-valley", "santa-barbara", "california" ], "facets": { "kind": "essay", "country": "United States" }, "text": { "what": "One California valley cooks beef over local oak, grows pinot noir on the hills that oak comes off, and rarely puts the two together in the same sentence. This page follows both — the ranch barbecue that became a town's dish, the butcher's cut five different people claim, the wood that is the part nobody can ship, and what happens when a thin-skinned grape meets a salted, charred, medium-rare piece of bottom sirloin." }, "kin": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "as": "The dish itself, in one card.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "red-oak", "as": "The wood, and why it stays home.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "pinquito-beans", "as": "The bean that grows nowhere else much.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-salsa", "as": "The acid on the plate.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "as": "The AVA on the same ground.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "bien-nacido", "as": "The vineyard planted on the old Tepusquet grant.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "bob-schutz", "as": "The man Santa Maria credits with the cut.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "as": "Which defines the words on the menu.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "as": "The grape on the other side of the question.", "rel": "variety" } ], "geo": { "lat": 34.95, "lon": -120.3, "precision": "region" }, "sources": [ "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "s:wp-tri-tip", "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "s:wp-quercus-agrifolia", "s:web-smv-bbq-association", "s:wp-santa-maria-california", "s:wp-rancho-tepusquet", "s:wp-cut-of-beef", "s:usda-imps-100", "s:ecfr-27-9", "s:web-smv-visit-bbq", "s:sunset-2013-true", "s:wp-salsa-sauce" ], "provenance": { "default": { "tier": "cited" }, "fields": { "sections[6].text": { "tier": "inference", "note": "the pairing argument reasons from what the plate and the wine each do; every claim about local practice is marked as unsourced in the text" }, "sections[8].text": { "tier": "inference", "note": "a list of what this project could not source" }, "sections[7].text": { "tier": "tradition", "note": "cooking method as the tradition and the cut's own literature describe it" } } }, "measures": [ { "key": "latitude", "label": "Latitude of the valley", "value": 34.9, "unit": "°N", "year": null, "source": "s:this-project", "tier": "cited", "note": "from this project's own coordinates for the AVA" }, { "key": "summer_mean_f", "label": "Average summer temperature", "value": 75, "unit": "°F", "year": null, "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "ava_established", "label": "AVA established", "value": "1981-08-05", "unit": "", "year": 1981, "source": "s:ecfr-27-9", "tier": "cited", "note": "46 FR 39812, Aug. 5, 1981" }, { "key": "imps", "label": "Tri-tip specification", "value": "185C", "unit": "", "year": null, "source": "s:usda-imps-100", "tier": "cited" }, { "key": "stag_barbecue", "label": "Santa Maria Club stag barbecue, diners a sitting", "value": 700, "unit": "people", "year": 1931, "source": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "tier": "cited" } ], "sections": [ { "h": "What arrives at the table", "text": "A triangle of beef, two to three pounds trimmed, rolled in salt, black pepper and garlic before it goes on. It cooks over oak coals on an iron grate that a hand crank raises and lowers, comes off at medium-rare, rests, and gets sliced thin across the grain. Beside it: pinquito beans, fresh salsa, a tossed green salad, and French bread split, dipped in melted butter and grilled on the same fire. Many local kitchens add Portuguese linguiça to the fire alongside the beef.\n\nThis is not the barbecue of a smoker and a long afternoon. The meat sits close to hot coals and cooks in under an hour. The fire does the seasoning that a sauce does elsewhere, and nothing gets mopped or glazed." }, { "h": "The valley cooked before it grew grapes", "text": "The Santa Maria Valley opens west to the Pacific, which is the fact that explains everything else about it — the barbecue, the wine and the weather all follow from a valley that runs the wrong way. The Chumash were here first; Tepusquet Creek carries a Chumash name that means fishing for trout.\n\nIn 1837 Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Tomás Olivera two square leagues as Rancho Tepusquet — nearly 9,000 acres running up to the San Rafael Mountains. Olivera sold to his stepdaughter María Martina Osuna and her husband Juan Pacífico Ontiveros in 1855; Ontiveros started an adobe in 1857 and raised horses, cattle, sheep, grain — and wine grapes.\n\nThe barbecue grows straight out of that economy. Californio ranchers fed their vaqueros each spring from pits of oak coals dug in the ground, and served pinquitos alongside. Local barbecue historian R. H. Tesene put the turn into style like this: residents began stringing cuts of beef on skewers or rods and cooking them over the coals of a red oak fire. In 1931 the Santa Maria Club started a monthly stag barbecue that drew up to 700 people at a sitting. The cut then was top block sirloin, rolled in salt, pepper and garlic salt — the same seasoning, on a different muscle." }, { "h": "The fire, and the wood that stays home", "text": "Red oak here means coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia: a semi-evergreen tree of the California Floristic Province, growing from Mendocino down into northern Baja, and covering the hills around this valley. It does sit in the red oak section of the genus, so the local name is not the folk error people assume — though its acorns ripen in seven or eight months where most red oaks take eighteen. Californio Spanish called it encina; that is where Encinitas and Encinal come from.\n\nWhat the wood does matters more than what it is called. It burns down to hot, dense coals and throws little smoke, which suits a hot, quick cook in a windy valley. The rig suits it too: a welded iron box, a grate on a hand crank, and a cook who controls temperature by winching meat up and down rather than by moving fire around.\n\nAnd this is the part of the tradition that will not travel. A cut of beef ships anywhere. Salt, pepper and garlic are on every shelf. Beans can be posted. The tree cannot — so the further you get from the Central Coast, the more the same recipe becomes a marinade argument conducted over the wrong fuel." }, { "h": "The cut, and the five men who claim it", "text": "Tri-tip is the tensor fasciae latae, the triangular muscle at the bottom of the sirloin. Untrimmed it runs around five pounds. American meat buyers know it as IMPS/NAMP 185C, bottom sirloin butt, tri-tip. Butchers in central California leave the fat cap on for the grill; butchers elsewhere cut it off to make the piece look tidier on a tray.\n\nThe claims, in order of the dates attached to them:\n\n**1915.** The cut appears in American trade usage as 'the triangle part' of the loin butt. So the muscle was noticed long before anyone marketed it.\n\n**Second World War.** Rondo Brough, an Army butcher working in southern California, said he made 'triangle tip' a cut of its own to get an extra portion out of the animal and cut down on scrap. Colleagues carried the idea into California shops and restaurants after the war.\n\n**1950s, Oakland.** Otto Schaefer Sr. named and marketed tri-tip there.\n\n**1950s, New York.** Butcher and restaurateur Jack Ubaldi said he named and sold the same cut as 'Newport steak'.\n\n**1955, Long Beach.** Jack's Corsican Room served triangle tip cooked in wine.\n\n**Late 1950s, Santa Maria.** Larry Viegas, a butcher at the Santa Maria Safeway, told it this way: the store had a glut of hamburger, his manager Bob Schutz took a piece of the unwanted triangle that would normally have been ground, seasoned it with salt, pepper and garlic salt, and put it on a rotisserie for three quarters of an hour or so. It went over well, and Schutz began selling it as tri-tip.\n\n**1964, Palm Springs.** Desert Provisions advertised the cut under the name tri-tip.\n\nSo: Santa Maria did not invent the muscle, and probably did not coin the name on its own. What the valley did was marry the cut to a fire, a seasoning and a plate that were already a century old, and then keep doing it in public every weekend until the combination had a name. The rest of the world calls the same piece aiguillette baronne in France, Bürgermeisterstück or Pastorenstück in northern Germany, Hüferschwanz in Austria, rabillo de cadera in Spain, colita de cuadril in Argentina and maminha in Brazil — every one of them a name that treats it as a roast, not a steak." }, { "h": "Who cooks it, and who says what it is", "text": "By the late 1950s four places were becoming the town's landmarks for this food: the Far Western Tavern, the Valley Steakhouse, the Hitching Post and Jocko's. Service-club pits still cook it at rodeos, school fundraisers and church benefits, which is where most people in the valley first eat it.\n\nPresident Reagan liked it. Local pitmaster Bob Herdman and his Los Compadres crew cooked it for him repeatedly, including five times on the South Lawn of the White House.\n\nThe Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce runs a Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association, which describes the tradition in the terms above — beef rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, cooked on skewers or rods over coals of red oak native to the valley — and points readers at certified locations. On 16 September 2026 its page invited places to get certified but did not publish the criteria. The trade also repeats that the Chamber registered the name and the menu in 1978; the Chamber's own post about that returned HTTP 403 to this project, so the claim is recorded here without a source this project has read." }, { "h": "The same hills grow pinot noir", "text": "Commercial vines came back to this valley in 1964 — a hundred acres, planted by growers who thought the ground could rival Napa. By the mid-1970s there were over 2,000 acres. In 1969 the Miller family bought Rancho Tepusquet, reunited two pieces of the old grant, and planted what is now Bien Nacido: over 800 acres, more than 250 of them pinot noir, sold row by row to winemakers rather than by the ton.\n\nOn 5 August 1981 the Santa Maria Valley became an American Viticultural Area — the country's third, California's second, and the first for Santa Barbara or San Luis Obispo county. The TTB pushed the southern boundary out to the watershed line in 2010, adding 18,790 acres and nine vineyards, and taking the AVA to 116,273 acres.\n\nThe climate reads like an error. This is 34.9°N — the latitude of Los Angeles, of Beirut, of Casablanca — and the growing season is colder than most of the Willamette Valley. Morning fog takes hours to clear, afternoon wind replaces it, and summer averages 75°F: Winkler Region I, the coolest class the scale has. Rain runs under 14 inches in a normal year, so the vines drink from a pipe. Pinot noir and chardonnay are the appellation's flagship varieties.\n\nWhich means the barbecue and the wine come off the same slopes. Oak on the hillsides, vines on the bench below, beans on the valley floor, and a town in the middle that cooks all three." }, { "h": "So what do you drink with it?", "text": "Start with what the food does, because the food is the harder half.\n\nThe meat is lean, with a fat cap on one side and a salty, charred crust on all of them. It is served medium-rare, so there is blood and iron in it. The salsa is sharp — raw tomato, chilli, onion, celery, vinegar — and it goes on top, not on the side. The beans are earthy and often carry pork. The bread is buttered and grilled. Nothing on the plate is sweet, and nothing is sauced in the barbecue-sauce sense.\n\nNow what pinot noir brings: acid, modest tannin, red fruit, and — in wine from this valley in particular — a savoury, faintly bloody note that sits close to what rare beef already tastes like. *Inference —* the acid is the hinge. A sharp salsa flattens a soft, low-acid red and leaves it tasting of nothing; a wine with acid of its own meets it instead. Iron in rare meat and iron-edged savour in the wine are a match by similarity, which is the same reason duck works.\n\nWhat cuts the other way, and it is a real objection: char and oak smoke are bullies. A delicate bottle can simply lose. Tri-tip is also lean enough to leave tannin unbuffered — there is little fat to soften it — which is an argument against a big tannic red as much as for a small one. *Inference —* the risk with pinot is not tannin, it is scale: a light village wine gets buried, while the denser Santa Maria bottles, with their stem spice and their savour, stand up.\n\nWhat the valley itself pours is a separate question from what theory says, and the sources this project has read do not answer it. The tradition's own literature describes the plate in detail and says nothing about wine. Local steakhouses stock the county's syrah and cabernet as well as its pinot. **This page will not hand down a verdict it cannot source.** What it can say is that the two things came off one piece of ground, and that the ground's cold fog explains both of them." }, { "h": "If you are cooking it", "text": "Buy it with the fat cap on, or ask for it. Season heavily: the tradition is salt, black pepper and garlic — garlic salt in the old accounts — rolled over the whole piece.\n\nBuild a bed of coals and cook directly over them, fat side up to start. Pull at an internal 130–135°F for medium-rare and let it rest; carry-over will take it further. The grain inside a tri-tip changes direction about two thirds of the way along, so find the turn and change your knife angle with it — slicing the whole piece one way guarantees that half of it chews like rope.\n\nIf you have no red oak, use what burns clean and hot near you, and say so rather than pretending. The wood is regional, and that is the point of it." }, { "h": "What this page could not settle", "text": "**Who named the cut.** Five claims, four decades, and no document this project has seen that settles it. The Santa Maria account is well attested as an account — Viegas telling it about Schutz — which is not the same as proof of first use.\n\n**The 1978 registration.** Widely repeated in the trade, including the specific claim that the Chamber protected the whole menu rather than the meat. The Chamber's own explanation was unreachable from this machine on 16 September 2026 (HTTP 403), and no registration number has been checked here.\n\n**What certification requires.** The association invites restaurants to get certified and lists certified locations; the criteria were not on the page this project read.\n\n**What the valley drinks with it.** Nothing in the sources read here records a local convention. Anybody who has stood at a Santa Maria pit and watched what people poured knows more than this page does." } ], "confidence": "high", "updated": "2026-09-16", "images": [ { "file": "tri-tip-over-red-oak/tri-tip-over-red-oak-santamaria-stylebbq.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:SantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/SantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Eugene Kim from San Francisco, USA", "credit": "Santa Maria-Style BBQ", "alt": "Santa Maria-style barbecue: Tri-tip with salsa, pink beans (can't get pinquitos outside of Santa Maria), salad, and garlic bread. Would have been nice if the meat were rarer, but it was still deliciou", "date": "2007-07-04 12:11", "primary": true, "sha256": "d9b375372d89e4db7f83801718d69d71bd32d7012ad6ead2a9e8ac19a90253ae" } ], "blurb": "One California valley cooks beef over local oak, grows pinot noir on the hills that oak comes off, and rarely puts the two together in the same sentence.", "region_terms": [ { "key": "santa-maria-valley", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "country": "United States", "note": "Bien Nacido, the bench, and the red-oak barbecue on the same ground" }, { "key": "santa-barbara", "name": "Santa Barbara County", "country": "United States", "note": "the transverse ranges turn the valleys east-west and let the ocean in" }, { "key": "california", "name": "California", "country": "United States", "note": "from Anderson Valley to the Santa Maria bench, wherever fog reaches" } ], "kin_out": [ { "to": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The dish itself, in one card.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "red-oak", "type": "pairing", "name": "Red oak", "as": "The wood, and why it stays home.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "pinquito-beans", "type": "pairing", "name": "Pinquito beans", "as": "The bean that grows nowhere else much.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-salsa", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria salsa", "as": "The acid on the plate.", "rel": "pairing" }, { "to": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "The AVA on the same ground.", "rel": "region" }, { "to": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "The vineyard planted on the old Tepusquet grant.", "rel": "vineyard" }, { "to": "bob-schutz", "type": "person", "name": "Bob Schutz", "as": "The man Santa Maria credits with the cut.", "rel": "person" }, { "to": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "as": "Which defines the words on the menu.", "rel": "org" }, { "to": "pinot-noir", "type": "variety", "name": "Pinot noir", "as": "The grape on the other side of the question.", "rel": "variety" } ], "source_list": [ { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-style-barbecue", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria–style barbecue", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=22881131", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328359472", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-tri-tip", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Tri-tip", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=2982651", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368736893", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-valley-ava", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria Valley AVA", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=10711580", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360626562", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-bien-nacido-vineyard", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Bien Nacido Vineyards", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=6614595", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368046917", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-quercus-agrifolia", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Quercus agrifolia", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=523174", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374637938", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:web-smv-bbq-association", "kind": "web", "title": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "publisher": "Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce", "url": "https://www.santamaria.com/our-community/bbq-association/", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "note": "the association's own page: red oak native to the valley, beef rolled in salt, pepper and garlic, cooked on skewers over the coals; points at a certification programme for 'Santa Maria Style Barbeque Certified' locations" }, { "id": "s:wp-santa-maria-california", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Santa Maria, California", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=108140", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370180710", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-rancho-tepusquet", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Rancho Tepusquet", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=26442607", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304255405", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:wp-cut-of-beef", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Cut of beef", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=5453492", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371263209", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" }, { "id": "s:usda-imps-100", "kind": "document", "title": "Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications, Series 100 — Fresh Beef", "publisher": "US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service", "url": "https://www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/imps", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the specification that gives the tri-tip its number" }, { "id": "s:ecfr-27-9", "kind": "regulation", "title": "27 CFR part 9 — American Viticultural Areas", "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, US Government Publishing Office", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-9", "licence": "public domain", "note": "the AVA list, each section carrying the Federal Register citation that established it; harvested into data/harvest/ava.json" }, { "id": "s:web-smv-visit-bbq", "kind": "web", "title": "Santa Maria Valley — barbecue and the valley's restaurants", "publisher": "Santa Maria Valley Visitor and Convention Bureau", "url": "https://santamariavalley.com/", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "note": "the visitor bureau's site; its blog post on the barbecue trademark returned HTTP 403 to this project on 16 September 2026 and was not read" }, { "id": "s:sunset-2013-true", "kind": "article", "title": "This Unsung California Town Has the West's Best BBQ", "author": "Margo True", "publisher": "Sunset", "year": 2013, "note": "cited in the Wikipedia article's further reading; not read directly by this project" }, { "id": "s:wp-salsa-sauce", "kind": "encyclopaedia", "title": "Salsa (food)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=425104", "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373777102", "accessed": "2026-09-16", "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0" } ], "tiers": { "text.what": { "tier": "cited" }, "geo": { "tier": "cited" } }, "primary_image": { "file": "tri-tip-over-red-oak/tri-tip-over-red-oak-santamaria-stylebbq.jpg", "source": "commons", "title": "File:SantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg", "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/SantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASantaMaria-StyleBBQ.jpg", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/", "author": "Eugene Kim from San Francisco, USA", "credit": "Santa Maria-Style BBQ", "alt": "Santa Maria-style barbecue: Tri-tip with salsa, pink beans (can't get pinquitos outside of Santa Maria), salad, and garlic bread. Would have been nice if the meat were rarer, but it was still deliciou", "date": "2007-07-04 12:11", "primary": true, "sha256": "d9b375372d89e4db7f83801718d69d71bd32d7012ad6ead2a9e8ac19a90253ae" }, "tag_facts": [], "recognition_facts": [], "acclaim": 0, "kin_in": [ { "from": "santa-maria-valley", "type": "region", "name": "Santa Maria Valley", "as": "Beef, red oak and pinot noir out of one valley — the long version.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "bien-nacido", "type": "vineyard", "name": "Bien Nacido", "as": "The same ranch land that fed the vaquero barbecues.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "au-bon-climat", "type": "producer", "name": "Au Bon Climat", "as": "Beef and pinot out of one valley — the long version.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "red-oak", "type": "pairing", "name": "Red oak", "as": "Why the wood is the part that cannot be exported.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "santa-maria-salsa", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria salsa", "as": "Where the acid question meets the wine question.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "santa-maria-tri-tip", "type": "pairing", "name": "Santa Maria tri-tip", "as": "The long version: the ranch, the oak, the competing claims, and the wine question.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "bob-schutz", "type": "person", "name": "Bob Schutz", "as": "Every claim to the cut, in order.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "santa-maria-bbq-association", "type": "org", "name": "Santa Maria Style Barbeque Association", "as": "The long version, with the competing claims.", "rel": "story" }, { "from": "free-to-use", "type": "story", "name": "Where this comes from", "as": "A page that says plainly what it could not settle.", "rel": "story" } ] } ] }