{
 "schema": 1,
 "id": "pigeage",
 "type": "practice",
 "names": {
  "name": "Punching down",
  "aliases": [
   "Pigeage",
   "Punch-down"
  ]
 },
 "region": [
  "burgundy",
  "world"
 ],
 "facets": {
  "kind": "ferment"
 },
 "text": {
  "what": "Pushing the floating cap of skins back under the wine, by foot or by plunger, several times a day. Pinot's cap rises fast and dries out if nobody moves it.",
  "how": "Punching down extracts more gently than pumping over; it also warms the ferment and pushes oxygen in. Count and timing are how a cellar sets tannin without over-extracting a grape that has little to spare."
 },
 "kin": [
  {
   "to": "whole-cluster",
   "as": "What a foot meets when the stems stay in.",
   "rel": "kin"
  },
  {
   "to": "saignee",
   "as": "The other lever for concentration, pulled before fermentation.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "to": "pigeage-term",
   "as": "The word itself.",
   "rel": "term"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  "s:wp-maceration-wine",
  "s:wp-fermentation-in-winemaking"
 ],
 "provenance": {
  "default": {
   "tier": "tradition"
  }
 },
 "confidence": "medium",
 "updated": "2026-09-16",
 "blurb": "Pushing the floating cap of skins back under the wine, by foot or by plunger, several times a day. Pinot's cap rises fast and dries out if nobody moves it.",
 "region_terms": [
  {
   "key": "burgundy",
   "name": "Burgundy",
   "country": "France",
   "note": "the Côte d'Or and its neighbours; the grape's home ground and its reference set"
  },
  {
   "key": "world",
   "name": "The world",
   "country": null,
   "note": "use when a node belongs everywhere pinot noir is grown"
  }
 ],
 "kin_out": [
  {
   "to": "whole-cluster",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Whole cluster",
   "as": "What a foot meets when the stems stay in.",
   "rel": "kin"
  },
  {
   "to": "saignee",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Saignée",
   "as": "The other lever for concentration, pulled before fermentation.",
   "rel": "contrast"
  },
  {
   "to": "pigeage-term",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "Pigeage",
   "as": "The word itself.",
   "rel": "term"
  }
 ],
 "source_list": [
  {
   "id": "s:wp-maceration-wine",
   "kind": "encyclopaedia",
   "title": "Maceration (wine)",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=1455948",
   "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302144966",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
  {
   "id": "s:wp-fermentation-in-winemaking",
   "kind": "encyclopaedia",
   "title": "Fermentation in winemaking",
   "publisher": "Wikipedia",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?curid=13824744",
   "permalink": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334072242",
   "accessed": "2026-09-16",
   "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  }
 ],
 "tiers": {
  "text.what": {
   "tier": "tradition"
  },
  "text.how": {
   "tier": "tradition"
  }
 },
 "primary_image": null,
 "tag_facts": [],
 "recognition_facts": [],
 "acclaim": 0,
 "kin_in": [
  {
   "from": "whole-cluster",
   "type": "practice",
   "name": "Whole cluster",
   "as": "The other half of the same fermentation decision.",
   "rel": "kin"
  },
  {
   "from": "pigeage-term",
   "type": "term",
   "name": "Pigeage",
   "as": "The practice, at length.",
   "rel": "practice"
  }
 ]
}