Telling Time in Thai EN | ไทย

ตี · โมง · ทุ่ม — strike, gong, drum

Telling Time in Thai

Thailand runs two clocks at once: the 24-hour clock on paper, and in speech an older count of six-hour blocks, named for a gong by day and a drum by night.

Now in Thailand–

Turn the dial

บอกเวลาแบบไทย · Gong by day, drum by night
nanobotco.github.io/thai-time

Six-hour clock

Two clocks at once

Written down, Thai time runs on the 24-hour clock: 14.30 น., read sip-si nalika sam-sip nathi. Said out loud it mostly runs on an older count: บ่ายสองโมงครึ่ง, bai song mong khrueng, “afternoon, two gongs, half”.

The spoken count cuts the day into four blocks of six hours and starts again at one in each block. Each block has its own word, and the words are sounds. โมง mong is the boom of a gong, struck through the day. ทุ่ม thum is the thud of a drum, struck through the evening. ตี ti, “strike”, takes the small hours.

So 2 a.m. is ตีสอง, 8 a.m. is แปดโมง, 2 p.m. is บ่ายสองโมง and 8 p.m. is สองทุ่ม. Pick the wrong block and you turn up six hours early, or twelve hours late.

ตีti01–05strike · after midnightตีหนึ่ง … ตีห้า
โมงเช้าmong chao06–11gong · morningหกโมงเช้า, เจ็ดโมง … สิบเอ็ดโมง
บ่าย · เย็นbai · yen13–18afternoon · eveningบ่ายโมง … หกโมงเย็น
ทุ่มthum19–23drum · nightหนึ่งทุ่ม … ห้าทุ่ม

Noon is เที่ยง thiang; midnight is เที่ยงคืน thiang khuen, the noon of the night.

Every hour

ClockSaidReadingWord by wordAlso heard
01:00ตีหนึ่งti nuengstrike 1
02:00ตีสองti songstrike 2
03:00ตีสามti samstrike 3
04:00ตีสี่ti sistrike 4
05:00ตีห้าti hastrike 5
06:00หกโมงเช้าhok mong chao6 gongs, morningย่ำรุ่ง
07:00เจ็ดโมงเช้าchet mong chao7 gongs, morningโมงเช้า
08:00แปดโมงเช้าpaet mong chao8 gongs, morningสองโมงเช้า
09:00เก้าโมงเช้าkao mong chao9 gongs, morningสามโมงเช้า
10:00สิบโมงเช้าsip mong chao10 gongs, morningสี่โมงเช้า
11:00สิบเอ็ดโมงsip-et mong11 gongsห้าโมงเช้า
12:00เที่ยงthiangnoonเที่ยงวัน
13:00บ่ายโมงbai mongafternoon, 1 gong
14:00บ่ายสองโมงbai song mongafternoon, 2 gongs
15:00บ่ายสามโมงbai sam mongafternoon, 3 gongs
16:00สี่โมงเย็นsi mong yen4 gongs, eveningบ่ายสี่โมง
17:00ห้าโมงเย็นha mong yen5 gongs, eveningบ่ายห้าโมง
18:00หกโมงเย็นhok mong yen6 gongs, eveningย่ำค่ำ
19:00หนึ่งทุ่มnueng thum1 drumทุ่มหนึ่ง
20:00สองทุ่มsong thum2 drums
21:00สามทุ่มsam thum3 drums
22:00สี่ทุ่มsi thum4 drums
23:00ห้าทุ่มha thum5 drums
00:00เที่ยงคืนthiang khuennoon of the nightหกทุ่ม · สองยาม

Turn the dial

Say any time

Drag the hand or slide the bar. The page writes that time the way people say it, the way the palace listed it in 1900, the way the radio reads it, and the Lanna watch it falls in.

–
Also heard
Palace list, 1900
Radio and paper
Written
Lanna watch

Half past is ครึ่ง khrueng. Other minutes take the number and นาที nathi. Near the hour people count down: อีกสิบนาทีสามทุ่ม, “ten more minutes to three drums”. The 1900 column counts minutes in บาท of six minutes, the old water-clock unit. Hear it plays a gong for โมง, a drum for ทุ่ม, a small bell for ตี and a fast roll for the six o'clocks and noon.

Where the words come from

Gong by day, drum by night

Before clocks, the hours came from a tower. Keepers struck a gong (ฆ้อง khong) through the day and beat a drum (กลอง klong) through the night, once for each hour into the block. People named the hour by what they heard: โมง for the gong, ทุ่ม for the drum.

At 6 a.m., noon and 6 p.m. the keepers beat a long run of strokes, ย่ำ yam: dawn was ย่ำรุ่ง, noon ย่ำเที่ยง, dusk ย่ำค่ำ. In Ayutthaya the big drum at the foot of the drum tower was beaten at sunset to close the city gates.

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Quiz

Try it

Eight questions. The wrong answers are the usual mix-ups: the same number in another block.

· Score 0

Water clock

The coconut that sinks

นาฬิกา nalika, now the word for a clock, first meant a coconut. Siam kept time with a กะลาลอย kala loi: half a coconut shell with a small hole in the bottom, floated in a basin. Water seeps in, the shell rides lower, and when it is full it sinks. One sinking, one hour.

Keepers scored the shell with nine lines into ten parts, each a บาท bat of six minutes. In the palace clock house, each time the shell sank a keeper struck the gong once and pushed a tally stick onto a rail. Twelve sticks made a day or a night; the rail was cleared at dawn and at dusk.

บาท–
Minutes–
Sticks on the rail–

This shell is a half sphere, and it floats, so it rides lower as it fills. Water pushes in through the hole faster the higher the level outside stands above the level inside (Torricelli's law: the speed grows with the square root of that drop). The gap narrows as the bowl widens, so the shell fills more slowly toward the end; the nine lines here sit at equal times under that rule. The shell sinks when its rim reaches the water, before it is full.

King Mongkut (Rama IV) grumbled that the keepers guessed, calling ten บาท to the hour whatever the season, “…คงให้ได้ว่าความแต่ว่าโมงละ ๑๐ บาทอยู่นั้นเอง…”, and that visitors carrying pocket watches would laugh at hours struck short and long.

Royal Gazette

The king's list, 1900

On 23 July 1900 King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) had the hour names printed in the Royal Gazette. People had drifted, it said, and were saying 6 โมงเช้า, 6 โมงเย็น, 3 ทุ่ม, 6 ทุ่ม and 9 ทุ่ม. The list set them right.

In the king's list the drum count runs all night, up to eleven: 1 a.m. is เจ็ดทุ่ม, seven drums. Three points of the night get their own names: ยามหนึ่ง at 9 p.m., สองยาม at midnight, สามยาม at 3 a.m. A ยาม yam is a watch of three hours.

Today people say all five of the forms the list struck out, and ตี has taken the small hours from the drum.

Struck out in 1900 6 โมงเช้า6 โมงเย็น3 ทุ่ม6 ทุ่ม9 ทุ่ม

ClockSaid todayKing's list, 1900
06:00หกโมงเช้าย่ำรุ่ง yam rung
07:00เจ็ดโมงเช้าโมงเช้า · เช้าโมงหนึ่ง mong chao · chao mong nueng
08:00แปดโมงเช้าสองโมงเช้า song mong chao
09:00เก้าโมงเช้าสามโมงเช้า sam mong chao
10:00สิบโมงเช้าสี่โมงเช้า si mong chao
11:00สิบเอ็ดโมงห้าโมงเช้า ha mong chao
12:00เที่ยงเที่ยง · ย่ำเที่ยง thiang · yam thiang
13:00บ่ายโมงบ่ายโมง · บ่ายโมงหนึ่ง bai mong · bai mong nueng
14:00บ่ายสองโมงบ่ายสองโมง bai song mong
15:00บ่ายสามโมงบ่ายสามโมง bai sam mong
16:00สี่โมงเย็นบ่ายสี่โมง bai si mong
17:00ห้าโมงเย็นบ่ายห้าโมง bai ha mong
18:00หกโมงเย็นย่ำค่ำ yam kham
19:00หนึ่งทุ่มทุ่มหนึ่ง thum nueng
20:00สองทุ่มสองทุ่ม song thum
21:00สามทุ่มยามหนึ่ง yam nueng
22:00สี่ทุ่มสี่ทุ่ม si thum
23:00ห้าทุ่มห้าทุ่ม ha thum
00:00เที่ยงคืนสองยาม song yam
01:00ตีหนึ่งเจ็ดทุ่ม chet thum
02:00ตีสองแปดทุ่ม paet thum
03:00ตีสามสามยาม sam yam
04:00ตีสี่สิบทุ่ม sip thum
05:00ตีห้าสิบเอ็ดทุ่ม · ตีสิบเอ็ด sip-et thum · ti sip-et

Royal Gazette volume 17, page 206, dated 29 July, Rattanakosin year 119: 1900. English Wikipedia gives 1901.

The north

Lanna time: watches, not hours

The old Lanna count has no 60-minute hour. Inscriptions cut the day into sixteen watches, ยาม yam, of an hour and a half: eight by day and eight by night, from 6 a.m. A watch takes its name from the instrument that signalled it, then the part of the day. ตูด tut is a buffalo horn blown; กลอง klong the drum; แตร trae a horn or trumpet.

ยามกลองงาย, the morning-meal drum, runs from 7.30 to 9 a.m. The four watches found most in Lanna inscriptions all fall between dawn and early afternoon: ยามตูดเช้า, ยามกลองงาย, ยามแตรใกล้เที่ยง and ยามตูดซ้าย. Kannika Wimonkasem, who listed them, reads that as the hours chosen for ceremonies.

Day

  1. 06:00–07:30ยามตูดเช้าyam tut chao
  2. 07:30–09:00ยามกลองงายyam klong ngai
  3. 09:00–10:30ยามแตรใกล้เที่ยงyam trae klai thiang
  4. 10:30–12:00ยามเที่ยงyam thiang
  5. 12:00–13:30ยามตูดซ้ายyam tut sai
  6. 13:30–15:00ยามกลองค่ำyam klong kham
  7. 15:00–16:30ยามแตรใกล้ค่ำyam trae klai kham
  8. 16:30–18:00ยามค่ำ · พาดลั่นyam kham · phat lan

Night

  1. 18:00–19:30ยามตูดดึกyam tut duek
  2. 19:30–21:00ยามกลองดึกyam klong duek
  3. 21:00–22:30ยามแตรดึกyam trae duek
  4. 22:30–00:00ยามดึกyam duek
  5. 00:00–01:30ยามตูดรุ่งyam tut rung
  6. 01:30–03:00ยามกลองรุ่งyam klong rung
  7. 03:00–04:30ยามแตรใกล้รุ่งyam trae klai rung
  8. 04:30–06:00ยามรุ่งyam rung

Names and hours from Kannika Wimonkasem, Damrong Journal, 2002. Inscriptions from Isan and Laos use some other names.

Still in the calendar

Lanna calendars still time the big moments by watch. The 2022 Lanna calendar compiled by Saknarin Chaongio at Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna puts Songkran in ยามแตรสู่เที่ยง, the horn watch toward noon, at 9.52.12 a.m. on 14 April, and the turn of the era year in ยามกลองแลง, the late-day drum, at 1.49.48 p.m. on 16 April. Both clock times fall inside the watches in the table above. แลง laeng is the northern word for late afternoon.

Five hundred years earlier, in 1502, an inscription at Wat Doi Kham in Lamphun dates its horoscope ยามแตรจักใกล้เที่ยง, “the horn watch, near noon”.

Sixty named days

Lanna also names each day from a cycle of sixty, the วันไท wan thai, “Tai day”. Ten first names and twelve last names turn together, one step a day, like two gears: กาบยี, ดับเหม้า, รวายสี, เมืองใส้ … The gears line up again after 60 days.

Both gears step at once, and 10 and 12 are both even, so a first name only ever meets every other last name: 60 of the 120 possible pairs occur. The years turn on the same two gears; the era year 1388, which began in April 2026, is ปีรวายสะง้า, a horse year.

Today –

Era year –

Counted from the 2022 Lanna calendar, where 1 January 2022 is กาบยี and 14, 15 and 16 April are เมืองเร้า, เปิกเส็ด and กัดใค้. The page counts by the civil date; the era year turns in mid-April.

Months two ahead

Lanna numbers its lunar months two ahead of central Thailand. Yi Peng, ยี่เป็ง, is the full moon of the second month in the north and of the twelfth in Bangkok. Tai Lue and Tai Khuen towns, Mae Sai, Chiang Khong, Chiang Kham and northern Nan among them, count เดือนโหรา duean hora, one month ahead of Bangkok and one behind the rest of Lanna.

Sun time

Noon by the sun

Thai clocks run on the 105th meridian east, the line through Ubon Ratchathani. Until 1 April 1920 Siam kept Bangkok's own sun time, 6 hours 42 minutes 4 seconds ahead of Greenwich; that night the clocks jumped 17 minutes 56 seconds.

Chiang Mai sits six degrees west of the line, so its sun peaks about 24 minutes after clock noon, more or less with the season. Pick a town.

In the northern forests people read the hour off the sun by hand: arm out, fingers spread, count hand-spans (คืบ khuep) up from the horizon. One span, one โมง; six spans, noon.

Sunrise–
Sun's noon–
Sunset–
Hand-spans now–

Sun from the NOAA solar equations; sunrise and sunset for the sun's top edge, allowing for air bending the light.

Daily round

A day by the clock

  1. 04:00ตีสี่Many temples wake; monks chant the morning service.
  2. 06:00หกโมงเช้าMonks walk the alms round, บิณฑบาต binthabat, in the first light.
  3. 08:00แปดโมงเช้าThe national anthem plays on radio, TV and loudspeakers; the flag goes up and people stand still where they are.
  4. 11:00สิบเอ็ดโมงเพล phen: the monks' last meal of the day, finished before noon.
  5. 12:00เที่ยงLunch for everyone else: ข้าวเที่ยง khao thiang.
  6. —บ่ายควายOld sun-time phrases: บ่ายควาย, “buffalo afternoon”, and ควายเข้าคอก, “buffalo into the pen”, for late in the day.
  7. 18:00หกโมงเย็นThe anthem again; the flag comes down.
  8. 00:00เที่ยงคืนThe noon of the night. In the 1900 list, สองยาม, the end of the second watch.

Pictures

Bangkok's drum tower, four storeys of brick, beside Charoen Krung Road, photographed from the palace clock tower, 1922.
Bangkok's drum tower, four storeys of brick, beside Charoen Krung Road, photographed from the palace clock tower, 1922. Unknown author, 1922 · Public domain
Phuwadon Thatsanai, the clock tower in the Grand Palace, 1922.
Phuwadon Thatsanai, the clock tower in the Grand Palace, 1922. Unknown author, 1922 · Public domain
A ฆ้องโมง khong mong hangs from its tripod at left, 1931, with gongs built from it.
A ฆ้องโมง khong mong hangs from its tripod at left, 1931, with gongs built from it. Khrueang Mahori Piphat, 1931 · Public domain

History

From drum tower to radio

  1. AyutthayaA drum tower ten wa high, four storeys, held three drums: ย่ำพระสุรศรี at the foot, beaten at sunset to close the gates; อัคคีพินาศ in the middle for fire; พิฆาตไพรินทร์ at the top for an enemy at the walls.
  2. Rama ITrials by diving were timed with a sinking coconut. The king worried over a shell that sank before either diver came up, and had a gong signal used instead.
  3. Rama IISmall watches arrived as Portuguese gifts. With no shirt pockets, people tucked them into the fold of the waist-cloth, the พก phok: so a pocket watch is นาฬิกาพก.
  4. Rama IVKing Mongkut set up a clock office in the palace, compared its pendulum clocks against the sundial at noon, and had the hour names announced in the Royal Gazette.
  5. 1889The solar calendar becomes the government calendar, the year starting on 1 April.
  6. 1900Rama V's announcement ประกาศใช้ทุ่มโมงยาม lists the hour names and strikes out five common mistakes.
  7. Noon gunThe navy fired a gun at noon so the city could set its clocks; later the power station blinked the lights at สองทุ่ม instead.
  8. 1920On 1 April Siam moves from Bangkok's sun time to the 105th meridian, UTC+7.
  9. TodayThe Royal Thai Navy's Hydrographic Department keeps Thailand's standard time; radio and TV read it at 08:00 and 18:00 with the anthem.

Words

ตีti

To strike. The hours from 1 to 5 a.m.: ตีหนึ่ง … ตีห้า.

โมงmong

The boom of a gong. The daytime hours.

ทุ่มthum

The thud of a drum. The hours from 7 to 11 p.m.

ย่ำyam

A long run of strokes, at 6 a.m., noon and 6 p.m. in the old names. Said with a falling tone; another word from ยาม.

ยามyam

A watch: three hours of the night in central Thai, an hour and a half in Lanna.

เที่ยงthiang

Noon. เที่ยงคืน, thiang khuen, is midnight.

เช้า · บ่าย · เย็นchao · bai · yen

Morning, afternoon, evening.

ค่ำ · ดึก · รุ่งkham · duek · rung

Dusk, late night, dawn.

ครึ่งkhrueng

Half. บ่ายสองโมงครึ่ง is 14:30.

นาฬิกาnalika

A clock, and “o'clock” on the 24-hour clock. Once a coconut-shell water clock.

น.

Written short for นาฬิกา: 14.30 น.

ชั่วโมง · นาทีchuamong · nathi

Hour (as a length of time), minute.

บาทbat

Six minutes: a tenth of an hour on the coconut clock.

คืบkhuep

A hand-span, thumb to little finger.

เพลphen

The monks' late-morning meal, eaten before noon.